Editing Antibiotic (section)

=== Reducing the selection pressure for antibiotic resistance ===
{{Main|Antimicrobial resistance}}
[[Image:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|right|300px| Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities in 2022<ref>Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101050352/https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |date=1 November 2020 }} ''SDG-Tracker.org, website''</ref>]]
In addition to developing new antibacterial treatments, it is important to reduce the [[selection pressure]] for the emergence and spread of [[antimicrobial resistance]] (AMR), such as antibiotic resistance. Strategies to accomplish this include well-established infection control measures such as infrastructure improvement (e.g. less crowded housing),<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535289/ |title= Household crowding |publisher= World Health Organization |access-date= 17 September 2020 |archive-date= 6 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210106220730/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535289/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="pmid30545014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ali SH, Foster T, Hall NL | title = The Relationship between Infectious Diseases and Housing Maintenance in Indigenous Australian Households | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 15 | issue = 12 | pages = Article 2827 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30545014 | pmc = 6313733 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph15122827 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> better sanitation (e.g. safe drinking water and food),<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/facts2004/en/|title= Water, sanitation and hygiene links to health|publisher= World Health Organization|access-date= 17 September 2020|archive-date= 7 September 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200907205101/https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/facts2004/en/|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="pmid21453872">{{cite journal | vauthors = Curtis V, Schmidt W, Luby S, Florez R, Touré O, Biran A | title = Hygiene: new hopes, new horizons | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 312–21 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21453872 | pmc = 7106354 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70224-3 }}</ref> better use of vaccines and [[Pipeline vaccine|vaccine development]],<ref name=WHO10October2024/><ref name=" pmid26795692"/> other approaches such as [[antibiotic stewardship]],<ref name="pmid31836329">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gentry EM, Kester S, Fischer K, Davidson LE, Passaretti CL | title = Bugs and Drugs: Collaboration Between Infection Prevention and Antibiotic Stewardship | journal = Infectious Disease Clinics of North America | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–30 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 31836329 | doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2019.10.001 | s2cid = 209358146 }}</ref><ref name="pmid31585470">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fierens J, Depuydt PO, De Waele JJ | title = A Practical Approach to Clinical Antibiotic Stewardship in the ICU Patient with Severe Infection | journal = Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 435–446 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 31585470 | doi = 10.1055/s-0039-1693995 | s2cid = 203720304 }}</ref> and experimental approaches such as the use of [[Prebiotic (nutrition)|prebiotics]] and [[probiotics]] to prevent infection.<ref name="pmid32800382">{{cite journal | vauthors = Newman AM, Arshad M | title = The Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics in Combating Multidrug-Resistant Organisms | journal = Clinical Therapeutics | volume = 42 | issue = 9 | pages = 1637–1648 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32800382 | pmc = 7904027 | doi = 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.06.011 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref><ref name="pmid31083597">{{cite journal | vauthors = Giordano M, Baldassarre ME, Palmieri V, Torres DD, Carbone V, Santangelo L, Gentile F, Panza R, Di Mauro F, Capozza M, Di Mauro A, Laforgia N | title = Management of STEC Gastroenteritis: Is There a Role for Probiotics? | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 16 | issue = 9 | pages = Article 1649 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 31083597 | pmc = 6539596 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph16091649 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jha R, Das R, Oak S, Mishra P | title = Probiotics (Direct-Fed Microbials) in Poultry Nutrition and Their Effects on Nutrient Utilization, Growth and Laying Performance, and Gut Health: A Systematic Review | journal = Animals | volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = 1863 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33066185 | pmc = 7602066 | doi = 10.3390/ani10101863 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jha R, Mishra P | title = Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: a review | journal = Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 51 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33866972 | pmc = 8054369 | doi = 10.1186/s40104-021-00576-0 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> Antibiotic cycling, where antibiotics are alternated by clinicians to treat microbial diseases, is proposed, but recent studies revealed such strategies are ineffective against antibiotic resistance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Beckley AM, Wright ES | title = Identification of antibiotic pairs that evade concurrent resistance via a retrospective analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility test results | language = English | journal = The Lancet. Microbe | volume = 2 | issue = 10 | pages = e545–e554 | date = October 2021 | pmid = 34632433 | pmc = 8496867 | doi = 10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00118-X }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Ma Y, Chua SL |date=15 November 2021|title=No collateral antibiotic sensitivity by alternating antibiotic pairs | journal=The Lancet Microbe|volume=3|issue=1 |pages=e7|language=English|doi=10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00270-6|pmid=35544116 |s2cid=244147577|issn=2666-5247| doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref>

==== Vaccines ====

[[Vaccine]]s are an essential part of the response to reduce AMR as they prevent infections, reduce the use and overuse of antimicrobials, and slow the emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens.<ref name=WHO10October2024/> Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of [[macrophages]], the production of [[antibody|antibodies]], [[inflammation]], and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases.<ref>{{cite book |title= Emerging trends in antibacterial discovery: answering the call to arms |publisher= Horizon Scientific Press |year= 2011 | vauthors = Donald RG, Anderson AS | veditors = Miller PF |chapter= Current strategies for antibacterial vaccine development |page= 283}}</ref>