Editing 1982 Lebanon War (section)

==Outcome of the war==

===Casualties===
{{Main|Israeli casualties of war|Palestinian casualties of war}}

====Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian casualties====
[[File:Syrian Tank burning in Tzuk Track.jpg|thumb|A Syrian tank burning on the road outside Jezzine]]
Estimates of numbers of the casualties in the conflict vary widely.<ref name="Tucker2010">{{cite book|author=Spencer C. Tucker|title=The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts &#91;5 volumes&#93;: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC|volume=2|date=8 October 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-948-1|page=732}}</ref>

By the end of the first week, 14 June 1982, [[International Red Cross]] and Lebanese police figures said that 9,583 had died and 16,608 injured. By the end of the second week, they said up to 14,000 people died and 20,000 were injured, mostly civilians.<ref name="Fisk">[[#reffisk2001|Fisk, pp.&nbsp;255–257]]</ref>

During the [[Siege of Beirut]], by late August 1982, Lebanese sources put the death toll in Beirut at 6,776. This figure included victims of the 4 June 1982, bombing, which occurred two days before the operation officially started. Lebanese police and international doctors serving in Beirut put the number of civilian casualties at about 80%.<ref name="Dunigan2011">{{cite book|author=Molly Dunigan|title=Victory for Hire: Private Security Companies' Impact on Military Effectiveness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZJtWi-zF4IC&pg=PA103|date=28 February 2011|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-7459-8|pages=103–}}</ref> According to American military analyst Richard Gabriel, all factions in the conflicts agree that between 4,000 and 5,000 civilians died during the siege caused by military activity of all sides. He states that most of the observers that were present on the ground and other relevant sources in Lebanon agree that estimates of 8,000–10,000 are too high.<ref name=Gabriel/>

Accurate numbers of total casualties are hard to estimate, due to "[t]he chaos of warfare, the destruction of city neighborhoods and refugee camps, the haste with which bodies were buried in mass graves and the absence of impartial agencies".<ref>{{cite news|last=Shipler|first=David K.|title=Toll of Lebanon Dead and Injured Is Still Uncertain in Chaos of War|newspaper=The New York Times|date=14 July 1982}}</ref> Many officials in Beirut, including those of the International Red Cross, claimed that the number of deaths were extremely difficult to estimate correctly. At least one official from a relief organization claimed that in the South about 80% of deaths were civilian and only 20% military.<ref name=Race />

In early September 1982, the independent Beirut newspaper ''An Nahar'' published an estimate of deaths from hospital and police records covering the period from 6 June to 31 August 1982.<ref name=Race>{{cite journal|title=The 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon: the casualties|journal=Race & Class|year=1983|volume=24|issue=4|pages=340–3|doi=10.1177/030639688302400404|s2cid=220910633}}</ref> It claimed that 17,285 people were killed: 5,515 people, both military and civilian, in the Beirut area; and 2,513 civilians, as well as 9,797 military forces, including PLO and Syrians, outside of the Beirut area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century|url=http://necrometrics.com/20c100k.htm#Lebanon|access-date=4 August 2013}}</ref>

The Lebanese authorities gave a figure of 19,085 killed and 30,000 wounded with combatants accounting for 57% of the dead and civilians 43% in 1982. They do not include the estimated 800–3,500 killed in the Sabra and Shatila massacre.<ref name=Race />

Richard Gabriel estimated that roughly 2,400 PLO fighters were killed during the war, of whom about 1,400 were killed throughout southern Lebanon and another 1,000 killed during the Siege of Beirut. Gabriel also estimated that between 5,000 and 8,000 civilians died during the war. Some later estimates have put the total figure at 18–19,000 killed and more than 30,000 wounded, most of them civilians. 80% of villages in South Lebanon were damaged, with some completely destroyed.<ref name=Gabriel/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Saad-Ghorayeb |first1=Amal|title=Factors Conducive to the Politicization of the Lebanese ShĪ'a and the Emergence of Hizbu'llĀh|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies|date=2003|volume=14|issue=3 |page=300|doi=10.1093/jis/14.3.273}} cited in Waines An Introduction to Islam (2004)</ref><ref name="Waines2004">{{cite book|author=David Waines|title=An Introduction To Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y6qOwAACAAJ|date=1 October 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-81-7596-189-0|page=285}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Casualties of Mideast Wars|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-08-mn-2592-story.html|access-date=1 October 2014|work=Los Angeles Times|agency=Associated Press|date=8 March 1991}}</ref><ref name="DonnellyHoward-Hassmann1987">{{cite book|author1=Jack Donnelly|author2=Rhoda E. Howard-Hassmann | author2-link = Rhoda E. Howard-Hassmann |title=International Handbook of Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RmMCmvYBQtMC&pg=PA247|date=1 January 1987|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-24788-0|pages=247–}}</ref> The Israeli government maintained that about 1,000 Palestinian fighters and 800 Lebanese civilians died during the invasion, excluding the siege of Beirut.<ref name=payment>{{cite news|title=Lebanon Demands Payment|newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|date=16 November 1984}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Walsh|first=Edward|title=Lebanon, Israel Resume Talks on Troop Pullout|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=16 November 1984}}</ref> [[Anthony Tucker-Jones]] estimated that about 1,500 PLO fighters were killed. [[Kenneth Pollack]] estimated that 1,200 Syrian soldiers were killed and about 3,000 wounded during the war.<ref name=Pollack/>

====Israeli casualties====
[[File:פינוי פצועים במלחמת לבנון הראשונה.jpg|thumb|A wounded Israeli soldier arrives at [[Rambam Health Care Campus|Rambam Medical Center]] in [[Haifa]] after being evacuated by helicopter]]
According to Israeli figures, Israeli losses in Operation Peace for Galilee were 368 dead and 2,383 wounded, from 6 June until 10 October. The highest ranking IDF casualty of the war was Brigadier General [[Yekutiel Adam]], who was Deputy Chief of Staff of the IDF and had been appointed to be the next Director-General of the [[Mossad]]. He was killed by a Palestinian fighter while seeking protection in a house in Dawha, near Damour, during a mortar attack. Other Israeli fatalities included one Colonel, two Lieutenant Colonels; 19 Majors, 28 Captains, 46 Lieutenants, 132 Sergeants, 90 Corporals, and 49 Privates.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.jta.org/1982/10/13/archive/israels-army-reports-368-soldiers-were-killed-and-2383-were-wounded-in-lebanon-war | title = Israel's Army Reports 368 Soldiers Were Killed and 2,383 Were Wounded in Lebanon War | publisher = JTA | date= 13 October 1982| access-date= 10 August 2020}}</ref> According to Kenneth Pollack, Israeli losses in action against the Syrians were 195 dead and 872 wounded. 130 Israeli tanks were destroyed or damaged by the Syrians, as were 175 [[Armoured personnel carrier|APC]]s.<ref name=Pollack/>

The IDF's total casualties in the First Lebanon War from June 1982 to June 1985 amounted 654 killed and 3,887
wounded.<ref>Uri Ben-Eliezer, War over Peace - One Hundred Years of Israel's Militaristic Nationalism, University of California Press (2019)</ref><ref>Gad Barzilai, Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order - A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East, State University of New York Press (1996)</ref>

The IDF continued to occupy a substantial part of Lebanon even after the withdrawal to security zone in June 1985. Resistance continued and IDF losses continued to mount. By the time IDF withdrew from Lebanon in May 2000 the total number of IDF fatalities had reached 1,216 killed since June 1982.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=h5QL1LkFGm0C&dq=1%2C216+IDF+killed+lebanon&pg=PT82 Imperfect Compromise: A New Consensus Among Israelis and Palestinians], Michael I. Karpin</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.haaretz.co.il/blogs/israelimyths/BLOG-1.7336923 | title = 37 שנה למלחמת לבנון הראשונה: "הנוצרים תפסו פראיירים, אותנו" | publisher = www.haaretz.co.il | author= יזהר באר | date =  6 June 2019  | access-date= 20 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.news1.co.il/Archive/003-D-93979-00.html | title = רצועת הביטחון - מלחמה ללא שם | publisher = News1 מחלקה ראשונה | author= אורן פטוקה  | date= 8 July 2014 | access-date= 20 March 2021}}</ref>

IDF lost six soldiers as [[Missing in action]] in the [[Battle of Sultan Yacoub]]. Two prisoners and the bodies of another two were later returned to Israel but two soldiers remain missing.<ref name=background>{{cite web |url=https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfa-archive/1996/pages/background%20on%20missing%20israeli%20soldiers%20-%2021-jul-96.aspx|title=Background on Missing Israeli Soldiers|author=IDF Spokesman's Office|date=July 21, 1996|access-date=October 16, 2019|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref>
Palestinian factions captured 11 IDF soldiers during the war, including one of the soldiers missing from Sultan Yaacoub, an Israeli air force pilot in the [[Battle of the Beaufort (1982)|Beaufort battle]], a soldier during the [[Siege of Beirut]] and eight soldiers in the raid on an [[Bhamdoun abduction operation|IDF observation post in Bhamdoun]]. All eleven prisoners were subsequently released in prisoner exchanges.

Israeli civilian casualties from cross-border shelling numbered 9–10 killed and at least 248 wounded between June 1982 and 1999.<ref>1 killed between June 1982 and June 1992 ([http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0605/05013.html/%28page%29/2 Israelis See Little Apparent Gain From Invasion], ''Csmonitor'', retrieved 4 February 2014), 9 killed from 1985–1999 ([https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/lebciv.html Israeli Civilians Killed/Wounded On the Lebanese Border], ''Jewish Virtual Library'', retrieved 14 February 2014)</ref>

===Security buffer zone and Syrian occupation===
[[File:Ras biada south lebanon.jpg|thumb|upright|An IDF patrol near Ras Biada- south Lebanon, 1986]]
[[File:Shakuf El-Hardun military post in south lebanon.jpg|thumb|upright|IDF military post Shakuf El-Hardun – south Lebanon, 1986]]
[[File:Litani river lebanon.jpg|thumb|upright|IDF military patrol above the Litani river- south Lebanon, 1987]]
[[File:Beaufortnorthern military post south lebanon 1995.jpg|thumb|upright|The Beaufort IDF northern military post- south Lebanon, 1995]]
[[File:Aaichiye to Rayhan military patrol in south lebanon.jpg|thumb|upright|An IDF military patrol between Aaichiye to Rayhan- south Lebanon, 1995]]
In September 1982, the PLO withdrew most of its forces from Lebanon. With U.S. assistance, Israel and Lebanon reached [[The Peace Treaty between Israel and Lebanon|an accord]] in May 1983, that set the stage to withdraw Israeli forces from Lebanon while letting them patrol a "security zone" together with the [[Lebanese Army]].

The instruments of ratification were never exchanged, and in March 1984, under pressure from Syria, Lebanon cancelled the agreement.

In January 1985, Israel started to withdraw most of its troops, leaving a small residual Israeli force and an Israeli-supported militia, the [[South Lebanon Army]] in southern Lebanon in a "[[Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon|security zone]]", which Israel considered a necessary buffer against attacks on its northern territory. The Israeli withdrawal to the security zone ended in June 1985. Israel withdrew fully from Lebanon in 2000.

The political vacuum resulting from the 1985 Israeli withdrawal would eventually lead to the ''de facto'' Syrian occupation of Lebanon. Syria would gain much more power over Lebanon than what it enjoyed before 1982,<ref name="Morris2"/> but it would no longer align with the PLO. In the [[War of the Camps]] that followed the Israeli withdrawal, Syria fought their former Palestinian allies.

===Relocation of PLO===
Following Arafat's decision of June 1982, by September 1982, the PLO had withdrawn most of its forces from West Beirut. Syria backed the anti-Arafat PLO forces of [[Said al-Muragha|Abu Musa]] in the Beka valley from May 1983. When Arafat castigated the Syrian government for blocking PLO supplies in June 1983, the Syrian government declared Arafat a ''persona non-grata'' on 24 June 1983.<ref>[http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/Vol_85__1985.pdf American Jewish Committee Archives] American Jewish Yearbook 1985. p. 126.</ref>

With the withdrawal of the PLO leadership from Tripoli in December 1983 there was an Egyptian-PLO rapprochement, this was found to be encouraging by the Reagan administration but was condemned by the Israeli government.<ref>[http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/Vol_85__1985.pdf American Jewish Committee Archives] American Jewish Yearbook 1985. p. 130.</ref>

===Political results for Israel===
Ariel Sharon requested permission for a military operation that would only go 25 miles into Lebanon, and would only be for 2-3 days. On this basis, nearly the entire [[Knesset]] voted in favor of going to war.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Martin |title=Israel: A History |year=2008 |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=978-0688123635 |page=504 |edition=Revised}}</ref> Only [[Hadash]] opposed the war, and even submitted a [[no-confidence motion]] against the Israeli government. Hadash Knesset member [[Meir Vilner]] said in the Knesset plenary session that: "The government is leading Israel to an abyss. It is doing something that in the course of time might lead to crying for generations". In response, they were condemned, and calls were heard, among others from the editor of [[Yedioth Ahronoth|Yediot Ahronoth]], to prosecute them for treason. Left-wing Knesset members, including [[Shulamit Aloni]] and [[Yossi Sarid]], were absent from the plenary for the vote. Even the [[Labor (Israel)|Labor]] faction voted in support. By mid January 1983 Rabin was saying that the Israeli attempt to impose a peace agreement on Lebanon by the use of force was a "mistake" based upon an "illusion".<ref>[http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/Vol_85__1985.pdf American Jewish Committee Archives], American Jewish Yearbook 1985. p. 260.</ref>

Heavy Israeli casualties, alleged [[disinformation]] of Israeli government leaders and the Israeli public by Israeli military, as well as political advocates of the campaign and lack of clear goals led to increasing disquiet among Israelis. This culminated in a large protest rally in [[Tel Aviv]] on 25 September 1982, organized by the [[Peace Now]] movement, following the 1982 Sabra and Shatila massacre. Organizers claimed 400,000 people participated in the rally, and it became known as the "400,000 rally". Other estimates put the figure much lower, maybe reaching 100,000 Israelis but including thousands of reserve soldiers back from Lebanon.<ref>Warschawski, Michel (April–May 2006). [http://www.ameu.org/page.asp?iid=266&aid=576&pg=3 "Inside the Anti-Occupation Camp"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627212137/http://ameu.org/page.asp?iid=266&aid=576&pg=3 |date=27 June 2006 }}, ''The Link'' (Americans for Middle East Understanding).</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/26/world/israelis-at-huge-rally-in-tel-aviv-demand-begin-and-sharon-resign.html Israelis at huge rally in Tel Aviv demand Begin and Sharon resign] New York Times, 26 September 1982</ref>

===Political outcome for Lebanon===
The Israeli-Maronite alliance dissolved, and Sharon's goal of installing a pro-Israel Christian government in Beirut was not accomplished.<ref>[[#refMorris1999|Morris, p. 551]]</ref> 850,000 Christians emigrated out of Lebanon during the Civil War, most of them permanently.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dagher|first= Carole|title= Bring Down the Walls: Lebanon's Post-War Challenge|page=71|isbn=978-0-312-29336-9|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2002}}</ref>

The withdrawal of the IDF from central Lebanon in the summer of 1983 was followed by one of the bloodiest phases of the Lebanese war, where the Christian Militia (the [[Lebanese Forces]]) was left alone to defend the "Mountain" area which comprised the [[Aley District|Aley]] and [[Chouf District|Chouf]] districts against a coalition of [[Druze]] [[Progressive Socialist Party|PSP]], PLO remnants, Syrian Army, Lebanese Communist, and [[Syrian Social National Party]]. This heavily impacted the civilian population from both sides, with more than 5,000 killed from both sides.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} The [[Mountain War (Lebanon)|Mountain War]] ended after the Christian forces and civilians withdrew to the town of Deir el Kamar, where they were besieged for 3 months before all hostilities ceased and they were transported to East Beirut.

The invasion led to the switching of sides of [[Amal Movement]], which used to fight against the [[PLO]] prior to the invasion. The invasion is also popularly held to be the major catalyst for the creation of the Iranian and Syrian supported [[Hezbollah]] organization, which by 1991 was the sole armed militia in Lebanon not supported by Israel and by 2000 had completely replaced the vanquished PLO in Southern Lebanon.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

===Cold War perspective===
According to Abraham Rabinovich, the complete dominance of U.S. and Israeli technology and tactics over those of the [[Eastern Bloc]] was a factor that hastened the demise of the [[Warsaw Pact]] and the Soviet Union.<ref name="Rabinovich p. 510-11"/><ref name="The Bekaa Valley War"/>{{dubious|date=December 2012}} However, this was not the first confrontation in which Soviet weaponry had been outmatched by American weaponry. In many of the Cold War conflicts{{which|date=April 2014}} the Americans and their allies had superior technology. Nonetheless, the gap between the [[First World]] and [[Second World]] weaponry was more apparent in the 1980s and weighed more heavily on Second World leaders.

===Long-term consequences===
One of the lingering consequences of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon was the creation of [[Hezbollah]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4314423.stm|title=Who are Hezbollah?|work=BBC News|access-date=1 May 2017}}</ref>

In 2000, when [[Ehud Barak]] was Israeli Prime Minister, Israel withdrew from the [[Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon|security zone]] to behind the [[Blue Line (Lebanon)|Blue Line]]. Lebanon and Hezbollah continue to claim a small area called [[Shebaa Farms]] as Lebanese territory, but Israel insists that it is captured Syrian territory with the same status as the [[Golan Heights]]. The United Nations has not determined the final status of Shebaa Farms but has determined that Israel has complied with UNSC resolution 425. The UN Secretary-General had concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with [[UN Security Council Resolution 425]] of 1978, bringing closure to the 1982 invasion as far as the UN was concerned.<ref>[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2000/20000618.sc6878.doc.html "Security Council Endorses Secretary-General's Conclusion On Israeli Withdrawal From Lebanon as of 16 June"], UN Press release SC/6878, 18 June 2000.</ref>

Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon led to pressure on the Syrians to withdraw their [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon|occupation forces]] and this pressure intensified after the assassination of the popular Lebanese Prime Minister, [[Rafik Hariri]]. On 26 April 2005 the Syrian occupation forces withdrew from Lebanon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sc8372.doc.htm |title=Security Council Press Release SC/8372 |publisher=United Nations |date=29 April 2005 |access-date=29 February 2012}}</ref>

===Other consequences===
* The invasion removed [[PLO]] presence from Southern Lebanon and the Syrian military was weakened by combat losses, especially in the air. However, the removal of the PLO also paved the way for the rise of other militant groups, particularly [[Hezbollah]].
* The failure of the larger Israeli objectives of resolving the conflict in Lebanon with [[May 17 Agreement|a peace treaty]].<ref name="urlThe Arab-Israeli Wars">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Centenary+of+Zionism/The+Arab-Israeli+Wars.htm |title=The Arab-Israeli Wars |author=Netanel Lorch |work=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=6 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429002826/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%2BHistory/Centenary%2Bof%2BZionism/The%2BArab-Israeli%2BWars.htm |archive-date=29 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The [[Lebanese Council for Development and Reconstruction]] estimated the cost of the damage from the invasion at 7,622,774,000 [[Lebanese pound]]s, equivalent to US$2 billion at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/0a660a16a0ef988d852568b60053c49a?OpenDocument |title=E/CN.4/2000/22/Add.1 of 3 March 2000 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=29 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223064022/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/0a660a16a0ef988d852568b60053c49a?OpenDocument |archive-date=23 December 2011}}</ref>
* Al-Qaeda leader [[Osama bin Laden]] said in a videotape, released on the eve of the [[2004 United States presidential election|2004 U.S. presidential elections]], that he was inspired to attack the buildings of the United States in the [[September 11 attacks]] by the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, in which towers and buildings in Beirut were destroyed in the siege of the capital.<ref>Arak, Joel (29 October 2004). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/osama-bin-laden-warns-america/ "Osama Bin Laden Warns America: Terror Leader Admits For First Time That He Ordered 9/11 Attacks"], CBS News.</ref>