Editing 1960s (section)

===Hispanic and Chicano movement===
Another large ethnic minority group, the [[Mexican-Americans]], are among other [[Hispanics]] in the U.S. who fought to end racial discrimination and socioeconomic disparity. The largest Mexican-American populations were in the Southwestern United States, such as California with over 1 million ''[[Chicanos]]'' in Los Angeles alone, and [[Texas]] where [[Jim Crow]] laws included Mexican-Americans as "non-white" in some instances to be legally segregated.

Socially, the [[Chicano Movement]] addressed what it perceived to be negative [[ethnic stereotype]]s of Mexicans in mass media and the American consciousness. It did so through the creation of works of literary and visual art that validated Mexican-American ethnicity and culture. Chicanos fought to end social stigmas such as the usage of the Spanish language and advocated official [[bilingualism]] in federal and state governments.

The Chicano Movement also addressed discrimination in public and private institutions. Early in the twentieth century, Mexican Americans formed organizations to protect themselves from discrimination. One of those organizations, the [[League of United Latin American Citizens]], was formed in 1929 and remains active today.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lulac.org/about/history/ |title=LULAC History{{snd}}All for One and One for All |website=[[League of United Latin American Citizens]] |access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref>

The movement gained momentum after World War II when groups such as the [[American G.I. Forum]], which was formed by returning Mexican American veterans, joined in the efforts by other civil rights organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americangiforum.org/about.cfm |title=americangiforum.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706223234/http://www.americangiforum.org/about.cfm |archive-date=6 July 2015 }}</ref>

Mexican-American civil-rights activists achieved several major legal victories including the 1947 ''[[Mendez v. Westminster]]'' [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] ruling which declared that segregating children of "Mexican and Latin descent" was unconstitutional and the 1954 ''[[Hernandez v. Texas]]'' ruling which declared that Mexican Americans and other racial groups in the United States were entitled to equal protection under the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th Amendment]] of the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latinola.com/story.php?story=432|title=LatinoLA – Hollywood :: Mendez v. Westminster|work=LatinoLA|access-date=17 March 2008|archive-date=16 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416202512/http://www.latinola.com/story.php?story=432|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1950%E2%80%931959/1953/1953_406/|title=Hernandez v. Texas – The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law|work=oyez.org|access-date=27 June 2017|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307034040/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1950%E2%80%931959/1953/1953_406/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The most prominent civil-rights organization in the Mexican-American community, the [[Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund]] (MALDEF), was founded in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maldef.org/about/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422002948/http://www.maldef.org/about/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=MALDEF{{spaced ndash}} About Us<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=22 April 2008}}</ref> Although modeled after the [[NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund]], MALDEF has also taken on many of the functions of other organizations, including political advocacy and training of local leaders.

Meanwhile, [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Ricans]] in the U.S. mainland fought against racism, police brutality and socioeconomic problems affecting the three million Puerto Ricans residing in the 50 states. The main concentration of the population was in New York City.

In the 1960s and the following 1970s, Hispanic-American culture was on the rebound like ethnic music, foods, culture and identity both became popular and assimilated into the American mainstream. Spanish-language television networks, radio stations and newspapers increased in presence across the country, especially in U.S.–Mexican border towns and East Coast cities like New York City, and the growth of the [[Cuban American]] community in Miami, Florida.

The multitude of discrimination at this time represented an inhuman side to a society that in the 1960s was upheld as a world and industry leader. The issues of civil rights and warfare became major points of reflection of virtue and democracy, what once was viewed as traditional and inconsequential was now becoming the significance in the turning point of a culture. A document known as the Port Huron Statement exemplifies these two conditions perfectly in its first hand depiction, "while these and other problems either directly oppressed us or rankled our consciences and became our own subjective concerns, we began to see complicated and disturbing paradoxes in our surrounding America. The declaration "all men are created equal..." rang hollow before the facts of Negro life in the South and the big cities of the North. The proclaimed peaceful intentions of the United States contradicted its economic and military investments in the Cold War status quo." These intolerable issues became too visible to ignore therefore its repercussions were feared greatly, the realization that we as individuals take the responsibility for encounter and resolution in our lives issues was an emerging idealism of the 1960s.