Editing Yekaterinburg (section)

==Transportation==
Yekaterinburg is the third largest transport hub of Russia, behind Moscow and St. Petersburg. The city has 6 federal highways, 7 main railway lines, and an international airport. The location of Yekaterinburg in the central part of the region allows for 7 to 10 hours to get from it to any large city of the Urals.<ref name="infra">{{Cite book|last=Маренков Г.В.|title=Инфраструктура России|publisher=Центр стратегического партнёрства|year=2012|edition=Том 1|location=М.|pages=254–260|chapter=Транспортная инфраструктура Свердловской области – связующее звено между Европой и Азией|chapter-url=http://federalbook.ru/files/Infrastruktura/Soderjaniye/III/Marenkov.pdf|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712170653/http://federalbook.ru/files/Infrastruktura/Soderjaniye/III/Marenkov.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The formation of Yekaterinburg as an important transportation hub is largely due to the city's favourable geographical location on a low stretch of the Ural Mountains, through which it was convenient to lay the main roads connecting the European and Eastern parts of Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Мальцева Ю.|last2=Волкова М.В.|date=2015|title=Изучение возможности постройки современного экологического жилья в Свердловской области|url=http://elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/37426/1/ecology_2015_138-141.pdf|type=сборник трудов IX заочной международной научно-практической конференции (Екатеринбург, 30–31 мая 2015 г.)|edition=Система управления экологической безопасностью|location=Екатеринбург|publisher=УрФУ|pages=138–141}}</ref>

===Roads===
[[File:Объездная.jpg|thumb|[[European route E22|E22]] bypass in the Chkalovsky District]]
Yekaterinburg is one of the ten Russian megacities with the largest car fleet (0.437 megacars were registered in the city in 2014), which has been intensively increasing in recent years (by 6–14% annually).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ведомости|date=10 March 2015|title=Автопарк России увеличился в 2014 году на 1 млн легковых машин|url=http://www.vedomosti.ru/auto/news/2015/03/10/avtopark-rossii-uvelichilsya-v-2014-godu-na-1-mln-legkovih-mashin|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Вы точно человек?|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-obschestvennogo-transporta-kak-obekta-avtotransportnoy-infrastruktury-krupnogo-goroda-na-primere-mo-gorod-ekaterinburg|access-date=8 October 2017|website=КиберЛенинка}}</ref> The level of car ownership in 2015 has reached 410 cars per 1,000 people.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://xn--l1a.xn--80acgfbsl1azdqr.xn--p1ai/file/f178ca4ef81311e801b1264541cfcad5|title=ИТОГИ социально-экономического развития муниципального образования в 2015 году|date=2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816065410/https://xn--l1a.xn--80acgfbsl1azdqr.xn--p1ai/file/f178ca4ef81311e801b1264541cfcad5|archive-date=16 August 2021|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref> Its pace in the past few years has seriously exceeded the pace of development and the capacity of the road infrastructure. For the first time, transport problems started to appear in Yekaterinburg in the 1980s and though it did not seem threatening at first, the situation gets worse every year. Studies have shown that as early as 2005, the capacity limit for the road network was reached, which has now led to permanent congestion.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Цариков А.А.|last2=Обухова Н.А.|last3=Оглы Мирзоев Н.З.|date=2015|title=Эволюция системы заторов на улично-дорожной сети города Екатеринбурга|url=https://www.usurt.ru/uploads/main/01r/56ab448ae80d7/14.pdf|type=журнал|edition=Эксплуатация автомобильного транспорта|location=Екатеринбург|publisher=Общероссийская общественная организация "Российская академия транспорта"|pages=74–86|issn=2311-164X|number=4|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=12 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712102502/http://www.usurt.ru/uploads/main/01r/56ab448ae80d7/14.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> To increase the capacity of the street-road network, stage-by-stage reconstruction of streets is being carried out, as well as multi-level interchanges being built. In order to reduce the transit traffic, the Sverdlovsk Oblast administration announced two road projects in 2014: the Yekaterinburg Ring Road (EKAD) and an overpass road on Sovetskaya Street. The Yekaterinburg Ring Road would surround the largest municipalities of Yekaterinburg. Its purpose would be to help the city's economy and reduce traffic on the Middle Ring Road of the city, making it easier for civilians to commute around the city than going through the city's traffic congestion. Eventually, the Ring Road would connect to other federal roads in order for easier access between other Russian cities. Construction of the road started in the same year. The projects were assigned to the Ministry of Transport and Communications since the projects were crucial to the city's economy. Officials hope the road projects will build environments more conducive to improving local quality of life and outside investments. Completing these major inter-regional roads will increase productive traffic by 50% to 100%, improving the local economy with its ease of access to industries.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reports|first=Yekaterinburg News|title=Sverdlovsk focusing on two road projects|language=en|url=http://yekaterinburgnews.com/stories/510450200-sverdlovsk-focusing-on-two-road-projects|url-status=dead|access-date=14 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006112158/http://yekaterinburgnews.com/stories/510450200-sverdlovsk-focusing-on-two-road-projects|archive-date=6 October 2017}}</ref>

Since 2014, the project for the introduction of paid parking in the central part of Yekaterinburg is being implemented. The project is implemented in parallel with the increase in the number of intercepting parking lots and the construction of parking lots. At the end of 2015, in the central part of the city there were 2,307 paid parking places.<ref name=":0" />

The total length of the road network in Yekaterinburg is {{cvt|1311.5|km}}, of which {{cvt|929.8|km}} is cobbled carriageways, {{cvt|880|km}} is with upgraded coverage, {{cvt|632|km}} is backbone networks, of which {{cvt|155|km}} are on the citywide backbone network movement. 20 interchanges have been constructed at different levels within the city limits, including 11 on the EKAD and 9 on the middle ring. 74 transport facilities (27 bridges across the Iset River, Patrushikha, Mostovka, Istok Rivers, 13 dams on the Iset, Patrushikha, Istok, Olkhovka, Warm, Shilovka Rivers, 23 road [[overpass]]es, and 18 out-of-the-way pedestrian crossings) were built as well.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Крицкий В.П.|title=Дороги России-2009. Информационно-аналитический каталог|publisher=Информационно-издательский холдинг "Реал-Медиа"|year=2009|isbn=978-5-98266-061-9|edition=Издание второе, подготовлено к IХ Международной выставке-форуму "Дороги России XXI века" и Дню работников дорожного хозяйства {{nowrap|3000 экз}}|location=Екатеринбург|pages=204–205; 302|chapter=Дорожное хозяйство Екатеринбурга|chapter-url=http://federalbook.ru/files/Infrastruktura/Soderjaniye/III/Marenkov.pdf|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712170653/http://federalbook.ru/files/Infrastruktura/Soderjaniye/III/Marenkov.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Yekaterinburg is served by the following highways:<ref>{{cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Yekaterinburg,+Sverdlovsk+Oblast,+Russia/@56.8138122,60.5145107,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x43c165eaa062db4b:0xd50243d7f7567f20!8m2!3d56.8388324!4d60.6057358?hl=en|access-date=1 May 2018|website=Google Maps}}</ref>

* [[File:M5-RUS.svg|51x51px]] [[M5 highway (Russia)|M5]]
* [[File:Tabliczka E22.svg|40x40px]] [[European route E22|E22]]
* R351
* R352
* R354
* R355

===Public transit===
[[File:E-burg asv2019-05 img54 Chkalovskaya metro station.jpg|thumb|[[Chkalovskaya (Yekaterinburg Metro)|Chkalovskaya station]] of the [[Yekaterinburg Metro]].]]Yekaterinburg uses almost all types of public transport. The largest transportation services—the Municipal Association of Bus Enterprises, the Tram-Trolleybus Office, and the [[Yekaterinburg Metro]] —transported 207.4&nbsp;million people in 2015.<ref name="transport2">{{cite web|date=18 March 2016|title=Скандальный бывший МУП Мирошника лидер сферы общественного транспорта Екатеринбурга? По данным мэрии, именно трамваи перевезли больше всего горожан за 2015 год|url=http://vedomosti-ural.ru/news/50220/|access-date=14 June 2016|publisher=Ведомости-Урал|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915211800/http://vedomosti-ural.ru/news/50220/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The total volume of passenger transportation by all land transport modes decreases annually. If the annual passenger traffic of municipal transport was 647.1&nbsp;million people in 2002, and according to this index the city occupied the third place in the country with a wide margin, then in 2008 this figure would be 412 million people (the fourth place in Russia).<ref>{{cite web|title=БГД|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b03_13/Main.htm|access-date=17 October 2017|website=gks.ru|archive-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520150150/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b03_13/Main.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bgd">{{cite web|title=Города Свердловской области|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b08_14t/IssWWW.exe/Stg/ur/03-00.htm|access-date=8 October 2017|website=gks.ru|archive-date=10 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710055950/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b08_14t/IssWWW.exe/Stg/ur/03-00.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:СПЕКТР 71-405.jpg|left|thumb|Yekaterinburg [[tram]]]]
Since 1991, the city operates the sixth metro in Russia and the thirteenth in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]]. At the moment there is one line with 9 stations. In 2015 49.9&nbsp;million passengers were transported; according to this metric the Yekaterinburg Metro is the fourth in Russia, behind the Moscow Metro, Saint Petersburg Metro, and Novosibirsk Metro.<ref>{{cite web|title=Основные технико-эксплуатационные характеристики метрополитенов за 2015 год|url=http://www.asmetro.ru/upload/docs/2016/2015.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808035650/http://asmetro.ru/upload/docs/2016/2015.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2016|access-date=14 June 2016|publisher=asmetro.ru}}</ref> Although the metro is the second most popular type of public transport, in recent years significant problems have appeared in its work: loss-making, obsolete rolling stock, and a shortage of funds for modernisation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Дмитрий Ольшванг.|date=18 March 2016|title=Проблемы екатеринбургского метро: убытки, снижение пассажиропотока! Общественник Беззуб: "Если учитывать стоимость строительства станций, то цена билета на метро должна быть 144 рубля"...|url=http://vedomosti-ural.ru/notes/50243/|access-date=14 June 2016|publisher=Ведомости-Урал|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915180640/http://vedomosti-ural.ru/notes/50243/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The tram network was established in 1929 and currently{{When|date=May 2018}} plays a leading role in the urban transport system. The volume of passengers carried for 2013 is 127.8&nbsp;million,<ref name="Ст2013">{{cite web|title=Шины для трамваев, бензин для поездов. Документы: на что транспортные МУПы Екатеринбурга тратят деньги|url=http://uralpolit.ru/news/econom/reviews/1394548967-shiny-dlya-tramvaev-benzin-dlya-poezdov-dokumenty-na-chto-transportnye-mupy-yekaterinburga-tratyat|access-date=13 March 2014|publisher=uralpolit.ru}}</ref> but this declines every year (245&nbsp;million people in 2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Города Свердловской области|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b05_14t/IssWWW.exe/Stg/ur/05-02.htm|access-date=18 October 2017|website=gks.ru|archive-date=30 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630033239/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b05_14t/IssWWW.exe/Stg/ur/05-02.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>). In 2016 there were 30 routes operating 459 cars. The total length of the tracks is 185.5&nbsp;km. {{As of|2016}}, the construction of a tram line "Yekaterinburg-Verkhnyaya Pyshma" was planned.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 July 2015|title=Строительство трамвайной линии Екатеринбург – Верхняя Пышма начнут в 2016 году|url=http://66.ru/news/society/174594/|access-date=22 July 2015|publisher=Портал 66.ru}}</ref>
[[File:Trolza Ye-burg.jpg|thumb|Yekaterinburg [[trolleybus]]]]
There are 93 bus routes operating in Yekaterinburg, including 30 municipal ones (EMUP "MOAP").<ref>{{cite web|title=Официальный портал Екатеринбурга|url=http://www.ekburg.ru/administration/administration-gorod/4/24/319/|access-date=18 October 2017|website=Официальный портал Екатеринбурга}}</ref> In 2007, 114.5&nbsp;million passengers were transported by municipal intercity buses (124.6&nbsp;million in 2006).<ref name="bgd3">{{cite web|title=Города Свердловской области|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b08_14t/IssWWW.exe/Stg/ur/03-00.htm|access-date=18 October 2017|website=gks.ru|archive-date=10 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710055950/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b08_14t/IssWWW.exe/Stg/ur/03-00.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The decrease in volume is due to the increasing role of the fixed-route taxis in the urban transport system of Yekaterinburg, as well as the high cost of travel. However, the city bus transport network provides significant employment for the people of Yekaterinburg, including the formidable babushkas who collect passenger fares. In the park of EMPU, there are 537 buses.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Автобусный парк Екатеринбурга утепляют к зиме|url=http://www.uralinform.ru/armnews/news68029.html|access-date=18 October 2017|website=УралИнформБюро|language=ru}}</ref> In 2013, there are 19 routes, which employ 250 trolleybuses. The total length of trolleybus lines is 168.4&nbsp;km. The number of passengers transported by trolleybus in 2007 amounted to 78.4&nbsp;million (84.3&nbsp;million in 2006).<ref name="bgd3" />

In addition, the city operates an electric train route linking the north-western and the southern parts of Yekaterinburg, from Sem' Klyuchey to Elizavet.

===Rail===
[[File:ЖД Вокзал Свердловск-Пассажирский.jpg|left|thumb|[[Yekaterinburg railway station]]]] [[File:Station square (Yekaterinburg)-2021-1.JPG|right|thumb|Station Square]] Yekaterinburg is a major railway junction. In the Yekaterinburg node, 7 main lines converge (to [[Perm, Russia|Perm]], [[Tyumen]], [[Kazan]], [[Nizhny Tagil]], [[Chelyabinsk]], [[Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]], and [[Tavda]]). The Sverdlovsk Railway Administration is located in the city, which serves trains on the territory of the Sverdlovsk and Tyumen Regions, the Perm Territory, the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts, as well as parts of the Omsk Region, and there is a single road traffic control centre. The Perm–Yekaterinburg–Tyumen section is now part of the main route of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]].

===Air===
[[File:Терминалы A и B аэропорта Кольцово.jpg|thumb|[[Koltsovo Airport]]]]Yekaterinburg is served by two primary airports: [[Koltsovo Airport|Koltsovo International Airport]] (SVX) and the smaller [[Yekaterinburg Aramil Airport]]. Koltsovo Airport is one of the largest airports in the country, serving 5.404&nbsp;million passengers (including 3.485&nbsp;million serviced by domestic airlines, 1.919&nbsp;million at international flights) in 2017, making it the [[List of the busiest airports in Russia|sixth busiest airport in Russia]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Более 5,4 миллионов пассажиров обслужил аэропорт Кольцово в 2017 году&nbsp;(АвиаПорт)|language=ru|work=АвиаПорт.Ru|url=https://www.aviaport.ru/digest/2018/01/16/515373.html|access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref>