Editing Xiongnu (section)

=== Multiple ethnicities ===
[[File:Genetic history of Xiongnu.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Pastoralist expansion into Mongolia c. 1000 BC (Early Iron Age), and schematic formation of the Xiongnu Empire in the 3rd century BC.<ref name="Choongwon"/>]]
Since the early 19th century, a number of Western scholars have proposed a connection between various language families or subfamilies and the language or languages of the Xiongnu. [[Albert Terrien de Lacouperie]] considered them to be multi-component groups.{{sfn|Geng|2005}} Many scholars believe the Xiongnu confederation was a mixture of different ethno-linguistic groups, and that their main language (as represented in the Chinese sources) and its relationships have not yet been satisfactorily determined.{{sfn|Di Cosmo|2004|p=165}} Kim rejects "old racial theories or even ethnic affiliations" in favour of the "historical reality of these extensive, multiethnic, polyglot steppe empires".<ref>Hyun Jin Kim, The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. {{ISBN|978-1-107-00906-6}}. Cambridge University Press. 2013. page 31.</ref>

Chinese sources link the [[Tiele people]] and Ashina to the Xiongnu, not all [[Turkic peoples]]. According to the ''[[Book of Zhou]]'' and the ''[[History of Northern Dynasties|History of the Northern Dynasties]]'', the [[Ashina tribe|Ashina]] clan was a component of the Xiongnu confederation,<ref name="Zhou502">[[Linghu Defen]] et al., ''[[Book of Zhou]]'', [[:zh:s:周書/卷50|Vol. 50.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Northern992">Li Yanshou ({{lang|zh-hans|李延寿}}), ''[[History of the Northern Dynasties]]'', [[:zh:s:北史/卷099|Vol. 99.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> but this connection is disputed,{{sfn|Christian|1998|p=249}} and according to the ''[[Book of Sui]]'' and the ''[[Tongdian]]'', they were "mixed nomads" ({{zh|first=t|t={{linktext|雜|胡}} |s=杂胡 |p=zá hú |wg=tsa hu}}) from [[Pingliang]].<ref name="Sui84">[[Wei Zheng]] et al., ''[[Book of Sui]]'', [[:zh:s:隋書/卷84|Vol. 84.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Tong197">{{cite book |last1=Du |first1=You |author-link=Du You |script-title=zh:《通典》 |trans-title=[[Tongdian]] |location=Beijing |publisher=[[Zhonghua Book Company]] |volume=197 |script-chapter=zh:辺防13 北狄4 突厥上 |year=1988 |isbn=978-7-101-00258-4 |page=5401 |language=zh-hans}}</ref> The Ashina and Tiele may have been separate ethnic groups who mixed with the Xiongnu.<ref name="ethnic">{{cite web|url=http://rudocs.exdat.com/docs/index-128726.html|title=Об эт нической принадлежности Хунну|website=rudocs.exdat.com|access-date=21 June 2014 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914203456/http://rudocs.exdat.com/docs/index-128726.html}}</ref> Indeed, Chinese sources link many nomadic peoples (''hu''; see ''[[Five Barbarians|Wu Hu]]'') on their northern borders to the Xiongnu, just as Greco-Roman historiographers called [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] and [[Huns]] "[[Scythians]]". The Greek [[cognate]] of ''[[Name of Turkey|Tourkia]]'' ({{langx|el|Τουρκία}}) was used by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[List of Byzantine emperors|emperor and scholar]] [[Constantine VII]] in his book ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'',<ref>{{Cite book|edition=New, revised|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|isbn=978-0-88402-021-9|last=Jenkins|first=Romilly James Heald|title=De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus|location=Washington, D.C.|series=Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae|year=1967|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC|access-date=28 August 2013}} According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' (ca. 950 AD) ''"Patzinakia, the [[Pechenegs|Pecheneg realm]], stretches west as far as the [[Siret River]] (or even the [[Carpathian Mountains|Eastern Carpathian Mountains]]), and is four days distant from Tourkia (i.e. Hungary)."''</ref><ref name="PrinzingSalamon1999">{{cite book|author1=Günter Prinzing|author2=Maciej Salamon|title=Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950–1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZDgivj7_RAC&pg=PA46|access-date=9 February 2013|year=1999|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04146-1|page=46}}</ref> though in his use, "Turks" always referred to [[Magyars]].<ref name="Howorth2008">{{cite book|author=Henry Hoyle Howorth|title=History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFc4mwsHZ7IC&pg=PA3|access-date=15 June 2013|year=2008|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-60520-134-4|page=3}}</ref> Such archaizing was a common literary ''topos'', and implied similar geographic origins and nomadic lifestyle but not direct filiation.<ref>{{harvtxt|Sinor|1990}}</ref>

Some [[Yugur|Uyghurs]] claimed descent from the Xiongnu (according to Chinese history [[Weishu]], the founder of the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] was descended from a Xiongnu ruler),{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=155}} but many contemporary scholars do not consider the modern Uyghurs to be of direct linear descent from the old Uyghur Khaganate because modern [[Uyghur language]] and [[Old Uyghur language]]s are different.<ref name="Tursun">{{cite journal |url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=105630 |title= The Formation of Modern Uyghur Historiography and Competing Perspectives toward Uyghur History |author= Nabijan Tursun |journal=The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly |date= 5 July 2023 |volume= 6 |issue= 3 |pages=87–100 }}</ref> Rather, they consider them to be descendants of a number of people, one of them the ancient Uyghurs.<ref name="xinjiang">{{cite book |author1=James A. Millward |author2=Peter C. Perdue |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |chapter=Chapter 2: Political and Cultural History of the Xinjiang Region through the Late Nineteenth Century |title= Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland |editor = S. Frederick Starr |publisher= M. E. Sharpe |pages= 40–41 |isbn= 978-0-7656-1318-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA40 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Susan J. Henders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgHlxD4k0z4C&pg=PA135|title=Democratization and Identity: Regimes and Ethnicity in East and Southeast Asia|editor=Susan J. Henders|year=2006|publisher=Lexington Books |page=135|isbn=978-0-7391-0767-6|access-date=9 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat|first1=J. Todd|last1=Reed|first2=Diana |last2=Raschke|year=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36540-9|page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5I2b_hrJO8sC&pg=PA7}}</ref>

In various kinds of ancient inscriptions on monuments of [[Munmu of Silla]], it is recorded that King Munmu had Xiongnu ancestry. According to several historians, it is possible that there were tribes of [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]] origin. There are also some Korean researchers that point out that the grave goods of Silla and of the eastern Xiongnu are alike.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Cho Gab-je|date=5 March 2004 |language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:騎馬흉노국가 新羅 연구 趙甲濟(月刊朝鮮 편집장)의 심층취재 내 몸속을 흐르는 흉노의 피|publisher=[[Monthly Chosun]]|url=http://monthly.chosun.com/client/news/viw.asp?nNewsNumb=200403100027&ctcd=&cpage=1|access-date=25 September 2016|author-link= Cho Gab-je}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=김운회|date=30 August 2005 |language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:김운회의 '대쥬신을 찾아서' <23> 금관의 나라, 신라"|publisher=프레시안|url=http://www.pressian.com/article/article.asp?article_num=40050830181724&Section=04|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=27 February 2009|language=ko-kr|script-title=ko:경주 사천왕사(寺) 사천왕상(四天王像) 왜 4개가 아니라 3개일까|publisher=조선일보 |url=http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/02/26/2009022601873.html|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230090440/http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/02/26/2009022601873.html|archive-date=30 December 2014}}</ref><ref>김창호, 〈문무왕릉비에 보이는 신라인의 조상인식 – 태조성한의 첨보 -〉, 《한국사연구》, 한국사연구회, 1986년</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nl.go.kr/nl/search/SearchDetail.nl?category_code=ct&service=KOLIS&vdkvgwkey=14167918&colltype=YON_ART&place_code_info=132&place_name_info=%EC%97%B0%EC%86%8D%EA%B0%84%ED%96%89%EB%AC%BC%EC%8B%A4(3%EC%B8%B5)&manage_code=MA&shape_code=B&refLoc=portal&category=storage&srchFlag=Y&h_kwd=%E6%96%B0%E7%BE%85%E5%BB%BA%E5%9C%8B%E8%A8%AD%E8%A9%B1%EC%9D%98+%E7%A1%8F%E7%A9%B6%7C4%E8%BC%AF(1972%EB%85%84+5%EC%9B%94),+p.+1-52 |script-title=ko:자료검색>상세_기사 {{!}} 국립중앙도서관 |title= |language=ko |trans-title= |website=www.nl.go.kr|access-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002190914/http://www.nl.go.kr/nl/search/SearchDetail.nl?category_code=ct&service=KOLIS&vdkvgwkey=14167918&colltype=YON_ART&place_code_info=132&place_name_info=%EC%97%B0%EC%86%8D%EA%B0%84%ED%96%89%EB%AC%BC%EC%8B%A4%283%EC%B8%B5%29&manage_code=MA&shape_code=B&refLoc=portal&category=storage&srchFlag=Y&h_kwd=%E6%96%B0%E7%BE%85%E5%BB%BA%E5%9C%8B%E8%A8%AD%E8%A9%B1%EC%9D%98+%E7%A1%8F%E7%A9%B6%7C4%E8%BC%AF%281972%EB%85%84+5%EC%9B%94%29%2C+p.+1-52 |archive-date=2 October 2018}}</ref>