Editing Vocative case (section)

====Polish====
In [[Polish language|Polish]], the vocative ({{lang|pl|wołacz}}) is formed with feminine nouns usually taking {{lang|pl|-o}} except those that end in {{lang|pl|-sia}}, {{lang|pl|-cia}}, {{lang|pl|-nia}}, and {{lang|pl|-dzia}}, which take {{lang|pl|-u}}, and those that end in {{lang|pl|-ść}}, which take {{lang|pl|-i}}. Masculine nouns generally follow the complex pattern of the [[locative case#Polish|locative case]], with the exception of a handful of words such as {{lang|pl|[[Wiktionary:Bóg|Bóg → Boże]]}} {{gloss|God}}, {{lang|pl|[[Wiktionary:ojciec|ojciec → ojcze]]}} {{gloss|father}} and {{lang|pl|[[Wiktionary:chłopiec|chłopiec → chłopcze]]}} {{gloss|boy}}. Neuter nouns and all plural nouns have the same form in the nominative and the vocative:

{| class="wikitable"
 ! [[Nominative case]]
 ! Vocative case
 ! Gloss
 |-
 ! colspan=3 | Feminine
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|Pani Ewa}}
 |{{lang|pl|Pani Ew'''o'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Mrs Eve}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|Ewusia}}
 |{{lang|pl|Ewusi'''u'''!}}
 |{{gloss|diminutive form of {{lang|pl|Ewa}})
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|ciemność}}
 |{{lang|pl|ciemnośc'''i'''!}}
 |{{gloss|darkness}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|książka}}
 |{{lang|pl|książk'''o'''!}}
 |{{gloss|book}}
 |-
 ! colspan=3 | Masculine
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|Pan profesor}}
 |{{lang|pl|Pan'''ie''' profesor'''ze'''!}} 
 |{{gloss|Mr. Professor}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|Krzysztof}}
 |{{lang|pl|Krzysztof'''ie!'''}}
 |{{gloss|Christopher!}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|Krzyś}}
 |{{lang|pl|Krzys'''iu'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Chris}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|wilk}}
 |{{lang|pl|wilk'''u'''!}}
 |{{gloss|wolf}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|człowiek}}
 |{{lang|pl|człowiek'''u'''!}}<br/>{{lang|pl|człowie'''cze'''!}} (poetic)
 |{{gloss|human}}
|}

The latter form of the vocative of {{lang|pl|człowiek}} {{gloss|human}} is now considered poetical.

The [[nominative]] is increasingly used instead of the vocative to address people with their proper names. In other contexts the vocative remains prevalent. It is used:
*To address an individual with the function, title, other attribute, family role
**{{lang|pl|Panie doktorze}} (Doctor!), {{lang|pl|Panie prezesie!}} (Chairman!)
**{{lang|pl|Przybywasz za późno, pływaku}} (You arrive too late, swimmer)
**{{lang|pl|synu}} (son), {{lang|pl|mamo}} (mum), {{lang|pl|tato}} (dad)
*After [[adjectives]], [[demonstrative]] pronouns and [[possessive pronoun]]s
**{{lang|pl|Nie rozumiesz mnie, moja droga Basiu!}} (You don't understand me, my dear Basia!)
*To address an individual in an offensive or condescending manner:
**{{lang|pl|Zamknij się, pajac'''u'''!}} ("Shut up, you buffoon!")
**{{lang|pl|Co się gapisz, idiot'''o'''?}} ("What are you staring at, idiot?")
**{{lang|pl|Nie znasz się, baran'''ie''', to nie pisz!}} ("Stop writing, idiot, you don't know what you're doing!")
**{{lang|pl|Spadaj, wieśniak'''u'''!}} ("Get lost, hillbilly!")
*After "Ty" (second person singular pronoun)
**{{lang|pl|Ty kłamczuchu!}} (You liar!)
*Set expressions:
**{{lang|pl|(O) Matko!, (O) Boże!, chłopie}}

The vocative is also often employed in affectionate and endearing contexts such as {{lang|pl|Kocham Cię, Krzysiu!}} ("I love you, Chris!") or {{lang|pl|Tęsknię za Tobą, moja Żono}} ("I miss you, my wife."). In addition, the vocative form sometimes takes the place of the nominative in informal conversations: {{lang|pl|Józiu przyszedł}} instead of {{lang|pl|Józio przyszedł}} ("Joey's arrived"). When referring to someone by their first name, the nominative commonly takes the place of the vocative as well: {{lang|pl|Ania, chodź tu!}} instead of {{lang|pl|Aniu, chodź tu!}} ("Anne, come here!").