Editing Urea (section)

==== Stripping recycle process ====

The "conventional recycle process" for recovering and reusing the reactants has largely been supplanted by a [[Stripping (chemistry)|stripping]] process, developed in the early 1960s by [[Stamicarbon]] in The Netherlands, that operates at or near the full pressure of the reaction vessel. It reduces the complexity of the multi-stage recycle scheme, and it reduces the amount of water recycled in the carbamate solution, which has an adverse effect on the equilibrium in the urea conversion reaction and thus on overall plant efficiency. Effectively all new urea plants use the stripper, and many total recycle urea plants have converted to a stripping process.<ref name="Meessen 2012"/><ref name="Meessen 2014">{{cite journal |last=Meessen |first=Jozef |title=Urea synthesis |journal=Chemie Ingenieur Technik |publisher=Wiley |volume=86 | issue=12| date=2014 |issn=0009-286X |doi=10.1002/cite.201400064 |pages=2180–2189|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the conventional recycle processes, carbamate decomposition is promoted by reducing the overall pressure, which reduces the partial pressure of both ammonia and carbon dioxide, allowing these gasses to be separated from the urea product solution. The stripping process achieves a similar effect without lowering the overall pressure, by suppressing the partial pressure of just one of the reactants in order to promote carbamate decomposition. Instead of feeding carbon dioxide gas directly to the urea synthesis reactor with the ammonia, as in the conventional process, the stripping process first routes the carbon dioxide through the stripper. The stripper is a carbamate decomposer that provides a large amount of gas-liquid contact. This flushes out free ammonia, reducing its partial pressure over the liquid surface and carrying it directly to a carbamate condenser (also under full system pressure). From there, reconstituted ammonium carbamate liquor is passed to the urea production reactor. That eliminates the medium-pressure stage of the conventional recycle process.<ref name="Meessen 2012"/><ref name="Meessen 2014"/>