Editing Treblinka extermination camp (section)

==Treblinka trials==
{{further|Treblinka trials}}
[[File:Samuel Raizman and Avraham Suzkever testify at Nuremberg Trial.webm|thumb|Treblinka survivor Samuel Raizman testifies before the [[International Military Tribunal]], 27 February 1946]]
The first major trial for war crimes committed at Treblinka was held in Düsseldorf between 12 October 1964 and 24 August 1965, preceded by the 1951 trial of ''SS-Scharführer'' Josef Hirtreiter, which was triggered by charges of war crimes unrelated to his service at the camp.{{efn|The Treblinka trials were preceded by the 1951 [[Frankfurt am Main]] trial of SS-''Scharführer'' Josef Hirtreiter, who was charged with complicity in the gassing of patients at the [[Hadamar Killing Facility]]. Further investigation revealed that he had supervised the undressing of prisoners at Treblinka and personally killed many children (''see also:'' [[Treblinka Trials#The Hirtreiter trial|The Hirtreiter trial]]).{{sfn|Sereny|2013|p=372}} }}{{sfn|Sereny|2013|p=11}} The trial was delayed due to the decreased interest by the United States and the Soviet Union in prosecuting German war crimes with the onset of the [[Cold War]].{{sfn|Evans|2008|pp=747–748}} Many of the more than 90,000 Nazi war criminals recorded in German files were serving in positions of prominence under West German chancellor [[Konrad Adenauer]].<ref name="Simon Wiesenthal Center">{{cite web |url=http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4441293#.UokrCZHKJZY |title=About Simon Wiesenthal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2013 |website=Simon Wiesenthal Center |access-date=17 November 2013 |at=Section 11 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819210711/http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4441293#.UokrCZHKJZY |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">{{cite web |url=http://www.sopos.org/aufsaetze/4bdfd55e42f57/1.phtml |title=Der Alibiprozeß |publisher=Ossietzky 9/2010 |work=Den Aufsatz kommentieren |year=2010 |access-date=19 November 2013 |last=Hartmann |first=Ralph |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222254/http://www.sopos.org/aufsaetze/4bdfd55e42f57/1.phtml |archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> In 1964 and 1965, eleven former SS camp personnel were brought to trial by West Germany,{{sfn|Rückerl|1972|p=132}} including commandant Kurt Franz. He was sentenced to life imprisonment, along with [[Heinrich Matthes|Artur Matthes]] (''Totenlager'') and Willi Mentz and August Miete (both from ''Lazarett''). [[Gustav Münzberger]] (gas chambers) received 12 years, Franz Suchomel (gold and money) 7 years, [[Otto Stadie]] (operation) 6 years, Erwin Lambert (gas chambers) 4 years, and Albert Rum (''Totenlager'') 3 years. Otto Horn (corpse detail) was acquitted.<ref name="ARC Trials">{{cite web |url=http://www.deathcamps.org/treblinka/treblinkatrials.html |title=Treblinka Trials |publisher=ARC, Treblinka Camp History |year=2005 |access-date=7 September 2013 |quote=''Sources:'' Robin O'Neil, Thomas Blatt, Tom Teicholz, G. Reitlinger, Gitta Sereny. |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831164345/http://www.deathcamps.org/treblinka/treblinkatrials.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|S.J. H.E.A.R.T|2007|loc=Trials}}

The second commandant of Treblinka II, Franz Stangl, escaped with his wife and children from Austria to Brazil in 1951. Stangl found work at a [[Volkswagen]] factory in [[São Paulo]].{{sfn|Sereny|2013|p=354}} His role in the mass murder of Jews was known to the Austrian authorities, but Austria did not issue a warrant for his arrest until 1961.<ref name="Simon Wiesenthal Center" /> Stangl was registered under his real name at the Austrian consulate in Brazil.{{sfn|Sereny|2013|p=354}} It took another six years before Nazi hunter [[Simon Wiesenthal]] tracked him down and triggered his arrest. After his extradition from Brazil to West Germany, Stangl was tried for the murders of around 900,000 people. He admitted to the murders but argued: "My conscience is clear. I was simply doing my duty." Stangl was found guilty on 22 October 1970, and sentenced to life imprisonment. He died of heart failure in prison in Düsseldorf on 28 June 1971.{{sfn|S.J. H.E.A.R.T|2007|loc=Trials}}

Between the 1940s and early 1960s, the [[Soviet Union]] prosecuted 21 people for crimes committed at Treblinka. All of them were executed or died in prison.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Diehl |first=Jackson |date=1991-11-17 |title=NEW DOUBT CAST ON 'IVAN THE TERRIBLE' VERDICT -US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/17/new-doubt-cast-on-ivan-the-terrible-verdict/47487b00-fae4-4132-ba41-575302ffecf1/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In 1986, the Soviet Union tried another Treblinka guard, [[Feodor Fedorenko]]. Fedorenko had been deported to the Soviet Union after his crimes were exposed, resulting in him being stripped of his American citizenship. Fedorenko was sentenced to death and executed in 1987.

===Material gain===
The theft of cash and valuables, collected from the victims of gassing, was conducted by the higher-ranking SS men on an enormous scale. It was a common practice among the concentration camps' top echelon everywhere; two [[Majdanek concentration camp]] commandants, [[Karl-Otto Koch|Koch]] and [[Hermann Florstedt|Florstedt]], were tried and executed by the SS for the same offence in April 1945.<ref name="majdanek-2 Wykaz">{{cite web |url=http://www.majdanek.com.pl/obozy/majdanek/wykaz_sadzonych.html |title=Procesy zbrodniarzy [Trials of war criminals] 1946–1948 |publisher=KL Lublin |work=Wykaz sądzonych członków załogi KL Lublin/Majdanek [Majdanek staff put on trial] |access-date=13 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014093403/http://www.majdanek.com.pl/obozy/majdanek/wykaz_sadzonych.html |archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> When the top-ranking officers went home, they would sometimes request a private locomotive from Klinzman and Emmerich{{efn|Rudolf Emmerich and Willi Klinzman were the two native German railwaymen posted at the Treblinka station after the gas chambers went into operation. Their express role was to direct the movement of the [[Holocaust train]]s to the death camp.{{sfn|Kopówka|Rytel-Andrianik|2011|p=97}}}} at the Treblinka station to transport their personal "gifts" to Małkinia for a connecting train. Then, they would drive out of the camp in cars without any incriminating evidence on their person, and later arrive at Małkinia to transfer the goods.{{sfn|Kopówka|Rytel-Andrianik|2011|p=116}}{{efn|See [[Franciszek Ząbecki|Ząbecki's]] court testimonies at [[Treblinka trials|Düsseldorf]].{{sfn|S.J. H.E.A.R.T|2007|loc=Trials}}{{sfn|Bryant|2014|p=102}} }}

The overall amount of material gain by Nazi Germany is unknown except for the period between 22 August and 21 September 1942, when there were 243 wagons of goods sent and recorded.{{sfn|Kopówka|Rytel-Andrianik|2011|p=116}} Globocnik delivered a written tally to Reinhard headquarters on 15 December 1943 with the SS profit of [[Reichsmarks|ℛℳ]] 178,745,960.59, including {{cvt|2,909.68|kg|ozt}} of [[gold]], {{cvt|18,733.69|kg|ozt lb}} of [[silver]], {{cvt|1,514|kg|ozt}} of [[platinum]], and 249,771.50 American dollars,{{sfn|Kopówka|Rytel-Andrianik|2011|p=116}} as well as 130 diamond solitaires, {{cvt|2,511.87|carat|g|lk=on}} of [[Brilliant (diamond cut)|brilliants]], {{cvt|13,458.62|carat|kg|3}} of diamonds, and {{cvt|114|kg|lb}} of pearls. The amount of loot Globocnik stole is unknown; Suchomel claimed in court to have filled a box with one million Reichsmarks for him.{{sfn|Kopówka|Rytel-Andrianik|2011|p=117}}