Editing Tokugawa Ieyasu (section)

== Establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate (1603–1616) ==
{{Main|Tokugawa shogunate}}
[[File:Shogun-Tokugawa-Ieyasu.png|thumb|[[Ukiyo-e]] of Tokugawa Ieyasu]]
On March 24, 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu received the title of ''shōgun'' from [[Emperor Go-Yōzei]].<ref>[[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh]], Isaac (1822). ''Illustrations of Japan.''  London: Ackerman, p. 409.</ref> Ieyasu was 60 years old and had outlasted all the other great men of his times: Oda Nobunaga, Takeda Shingen, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and [[Uesugi Kenshin]]. As ''shōgun'', he used his remaining years to create and solidify the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], which ushered in the [[Edo period]], and was the third shogunal government (after the [[Kamakura shogunate|Kamakura]] and the [[Ashikaga shogunate|Ashikaga]]). He claimed descent from the Minamoto clan who had founded the Kamakura shogunate, by way of the [[Nitta clan]]. His descendants would marry into the [[Taira clan]] and the Fujiwara clan.<ref name=":0" />

Following a well established Japanese pattern, Ieyasu abdicated his official position as ''shōgun'' in 1605. His successor was his son and heir, [[Tokugawa Hidetada]]. There may have been several factors that contributed to his decision, including his desire to avoid being tied up in ceremonial duties, to make it harder for his enemies to attack his real power center, and to secure a smoother succession for his son.<ref>{{cite book
  |last=Van Wolferen
  |first=Karel
  |author-link = Karel van Wolferen
  |title=The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation
  |isbn=0-679-72802-3
  |year=1990
  |publisher=Vintage Books
  |location=New York|page=28
}}</ref>

In 1604, Tōdō Takatora and Date Masamune advised the Shogunate government to introduce a rule across Japan that each feudal lord was obliged to maintain a residence in Edo, the capital of the shogunate, which Ieyasu immediately accepted and implemented officially.<ref>{{harvtxt|Toshio G. Tsukahira |1966 |p=48}}</ref>

===''Ōgosho'' (1605–1616) ===
{{Main|Edo Castle}}

[[File:Edo P detail.jpg|thumb|[[Edo Castle]] from a 17th-century painting]]

From 1605 onwards, Ieyasu, who had retired from the official position of shogun and became a {{nihongo|retired ''shōgun''|大御所|ōgosho}}, remained the effective ruler of Japan until his death. Ieyasu retired to [[Sunpu Castle]] in [[Shizuoka, Shizuoka|Sunpu]], but he also supervised the building of [[Edo Castle]], a massive construction project which lasted for the rest of Ieyasu's life. The result was the largest castle in all of Japan. The cost of building the castle was borne by all the other daimyo, while Ieyasu reaped the benefits. The central [[keep|donjon]], or ''tenshu'', burned in the 1657 ''[[Meireki]]'' fire. Today, the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]] stands on the site of the castle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imperial Palace {{!}} Tokyo, Japan Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/japan/tokyo/attractions/imperial-palace/a/poi-sig/1238764/356817|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Lonely Planet|language=en}}</ref> 

Edo became the center of political power and the ''de facto'' capital of Japan, although the historic capital of Kyoto remained the ''[[de jure]]'' capital as the seat of the emperor.<ref name="Sansom">Sansom, George. ''A History of Japan: 1615–1867'', p. 114.</ref><ref>Gordon, Andrew. (2003). ''A Modern History of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the Present'', p. 23.</ref> Furthermore, Ieyasu had the Imperial Court appoint his eldest remaining son, Hidetada, as Shogun, announcing to the world that the position of shogun would be hereditary to the Tokugawa clan from then on. At the same time, he requested Toyotomi Hideyori meet the new shogun, but Hideyori refused. In the end, the matter was resolved by sending his sixth son, Matsudaira Tadateru to Osaka Castle. At the same time, the next generation of Tokugawa clan vassals, including [[Ii Naotaka]] and [[Itakura Shigemasa]], were also appointed.{{Sfn|Murakawa|2013|pp=120–121}}

In 1608, Ieyasu assigned control of the [[Tsu Domain]]{{sfn|Nakayama|2015}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Yuji Yamada |translator=Atsuko Oda |title=The Ninja Book : The New Mansenshukai |date=2017 |publisher=Mie University Facultyof Humanities, Law and Economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FwUDgAAQBAJ |access-date=11 May 2024 |language=En}}</ref><ref name= "Gaku">{{cite book |last1=Oishi |first1=Gaku |title=江戸五百藩-ご当地藩のすべてがわかる  |date=2020 |publisher=Chuokoron-Shinsha |isbn= 978-4128001354}}{{in lang|ja}}</ref> to Takatora. It was reported that the landholdings which Takatora received in Iga province had previously belonged to a lord named [[Tsutsui Sadatsugu]]. Ieyasu stripped Tsutsui Sadatsugu of ownership rights before giving them to Takatora.{{Sfn|Tatsuo|2018|p=60}} The initial pretext was Sadatsugu's sloppy governance of the domain<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ict.ne.jp/~uenojyo/ |title=Iga Ueno Castle homepage |access-date=2007-04-09 |date=2002-04-09 |work=Iga Ueno Castle|language=Japanese}}</ref> however, historians have argued that the real reason was because Sadatsugu behaved suspiciously by visiting [[Toyotomi Hideyori]] at [[Osaka Castle]], without approval of the shogun, while the land which Sadatsugu occupied was considered to be an important military strategic location.{{sfn|籔|1985|pp=213–214}} Furthermore, it is thought that Ieyasu expropriated the land and gave it to the Todo clan as political strategy against the Toyotomi clan, even though he was a patron of the Toyotomi family, Tōdō Takatora was considered a close ally of Ieyasu. Thus by putting him in control of portions of Iga province, the influence of the shogunate could be expanded to more strategic locations without directly provoking the Toyotomi faction in Osaka.{{Sfn|Tatsuo|2018|p=60}}

In 1611, (Keicho 16), Ieyasu, at the head of 50,000 men, visited Kyoto to witness the [[Enthronement of the Japanese Emperor|enthronement]] of [[Emperor Go-Mizunoo]]. While in Kyoto, Ieyasu ordered the remodeling of the Imperial Court, buildings, and forced the remaining western daimyo to sign an oath of fealty to him.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}} On April 12, Ieyasu presented three articles of legislation to the daimyo in Kyoto. These Three Laws, as they were called, referred to the first shogun's set of laws and those that signed would strictly abide by the laws issued by the shogunate from then on. Second, the lords swore to not conceal those who disobeyed the shogun's orders, and third: to not hide or give shelter to any enemy of the state. 22 daimyo from the [[Hokuriku region]] and Western provinces agreed to the three articles of legislation and submitted an oath. Daimyo from Oshu and Kanto were not included in this list, because they were engaged in the construction of Edo Castle and did not come to Kyoto. In January of the following year, 11 major feudal lords from Oshu and Kanto swore to the Three Laws. 50 small and medium-sized fudai and tozama feudal lords also swore to the Three Laws, and Ieyasu succeeded in making all the feudal lords in the country his vassals. 

Ieyasu did not have Hideyori work on national construction, nor did he have him swear to the Three Laws. Watanabe Daimon saw that the Three Laws issued by Ieyasu was a maneuver to isolate Hideyori politically by making all other influential daimyo lords obey him.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Watanabe Daimon |title=徳川家康が諸大名を臣従させ、豊臣秀頼を孤立させた巧妙な作戦 |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/cc0126363506d303d57b216f46b2994e94dcbd66 |website=yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ |publisher=渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation |access-date=3 June 2024 |language=Ja |quote=Watanabe Daimon, "Tokugawa Ieyasu: Full of Misunderstandings" (Gentosha Shinsho, 2022)}}</ref>

In 1613, he composed the {{Nihongo||公家諸法度|[[Kuge shohatto]]}}, a document which put the court daimyo under strict supervision, leaving them as mere ceremonial figureheads.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yu|first=A. C.|title=Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto (Law on the emperor and the court nobles) |url=https://www.japanese-wiki-corpus.org/history/Kinchu%20narabini%20kuge%20shohatto%20(Law%20on%20the%20emperor%20and%20the%20court%20nobles).html|access-date=2021-04-06|website=www.japanese-wiki-corpus.org}}</ref>

In 1615, Ieyasu prepared the {{Nihongo||武家諸法度|[[Buke shohatto]]}}, a document setting out the future of the [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa regime]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Japan – The bakuhan system|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>

===Relations with Catholics ===
{{Main|History of Roman Catholicism in Japan}}
[[File:William-Adams-before-Shogun-Tokugawa-Ieyasu.png|thumb|[[William Adams (pilot)|William Adams]] before [[shogun]] Tokugawa Ieyasu]]
[[File:KingJamesLetter.jpg|thumb|Letter from King [[James VI and I|James VI of Scotland and I of England and Ireland]] to ogosho Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1613]]
As Ōgosho, Ieyasu also supervised diplomatic affairs with the [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]], [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]], and [[Kingdom of England|England]]. Ieyasu chose to distance Japan from European influence starting in 1609, although the shogunate still granted preferential trading rights to the [[Dutch East India Company]] and permitted them to maintain a "factory" for trading purposes.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

From 1605 until his death, Ieyasu frequently consulted English shipwright and pilot, [[William Adams (pilot)|William Adams]].<ref>Milton, Giles. ''Samurai William: The Englishman Who Opened Japan''. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2003.</ref> Adams, a Protestant<ref name="Nelson 2015 p. 16">{{cite book | last=Nelson | first=J.K. | title=A Year in the Life of a Shinto Shrine | publisher=University of Washington Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-295-99769-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ijECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 | access-date=2023-03-01 | page=16}}</ref> fluent in Japanese, assisted the shogunate in negotiating trading relations, but was cited by members of the competing [[Jesuit]] and Spanish-sponsored [[mendicant orders]] as an obstacle to improved relations between Ieyasu and the [[Roman Catholic Church]].<ref>Nutail, Zelia (1906). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1NACAAAAYAAJ ''The Earliest Historical Relations Between Mexico and Japan'']. Berkeley: [[University of California Press]], pp. 6–45.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Milton |first=Giles |author-link=Giles Milton |title=Samurai William : the Englishman Who Opened Japan |date=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfJ0w6Dt8TAC&pg=PT265 |page=265|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0374706234 }} Quoting Le P. Valentin Carvalho, S.J.</ref>{{sfn|Murdoch|Yamagata|1903|p=500}}

In 1612, the [[Nossa Senhora da Graça incident]] occurred in Nagasaki, where the [[Sakai bugyō|bugyō official of Sakai]] Hasegawa Fujihiro had trouble with Portuguese captain André Pessoa.{{sfn|Boxer|1951|pp=272–273}} The conflict escalated when Pessoa and the merchants from [[Macau]] petitioned Ieyasu directly to complain about Hasegawa and [[Murayama Tōan]], a magistrate of Ieyasu. When the [[Jesuits]] learned of this affair, they were horrified when they found out about Pessoa's petition as they knew that Hasegawa's sister Onatsu was a favorite concubine of Ieyasu.{{sfn|Boxer|1948|p=58}} 

Later, Pessoa withdrew his petition when he learned of the internal politics of the shogunate. However, Fujihiro refused to forgive Pessoa's petition.{{sfn|Boxer|1948|p=276}} Fujihiro encouraged Arima Harunobu, who wanted to retaliate for the prior Macau incident, to petition Ieyasu for the capture of Pessoa and the seizure of his merchant ship.<ref name="Historist036263" /> Ieyasu, who had entrusted Harunobu with the purchase of [[agarwood]], was initially concerned that a retaliatory act would cut off trade with Portuguese ships.<ref name="Historist036263" /> Thus, the shogunate took a lenient attitude to Pessoa, as [[Honda Masazumi]], with authorization from Ieyasu, gave Pessoa's envoy written assurances that Japanese sailors would be forbidden to travel to Macau, and any who did could be handled according to Portuguese laws.{{sfnm|Boxer|1951|1p=274|Boxer|1948|2p=57}} However, Ieyasu later gave Harunobu permission to capture Pessoa after he had been guaranteed that Manila ships of Spanish merchants would be able to replenish raw silk and other goods carried by Portuguese ships and also expected Dutch ships to continue arriving.<ref name="Historist036263">{{Cite web|url=http://www.historist.jp/word_j_no/entry/036263/ |title=ノッサ・セニョーラ・ダ・グラッサ号事件(ノッサ・セニョーラ・ダ・グラッサごうじけん) / 日本史 -の-｜ヒストリスト［Historist］−歴史と教科書の山川出版社の情報メディア−  |trans-title=Nossa Senhora da Graça incident (Nossa Senhora da Graça incident) |publisher=Yamakawa Publishing|date=2016 |access-date=2020-11-18}}</ref> Then Ieyasu gave authorization to Hasegawa and [[Arima Harunobu]].{{sfn|Boxer|1948|p=58}} 

After several days of battle, which resulted in Pessoa's death, the remaining Portuguese merchants and missionaries were increasingly concerned about their fates, especially since Ieyasu had personally ordered their execution. Harunobu, who was [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], interceded on behalf of the Jesuits. Ieyasu changed his decision and the merchants were allowed to leave for Macau with their property. Ieyasu's Jesuit translator, [[João Rodrigues Tçuzu]], was replaced by William Adams.{{sfn|Milton|2011|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jZqNl1GnkoYC&pg=PT38]}} Ieyasu then expelled João Rodrigues from Japan.<ref name="Takase Koichiro 2002 383–384">{{Cite book|author=Takase Koichiro |title=キリシタン時代の貿易と外交 |trans-title=Trade and diplomacy in the Christian era|publisher=Yagi Shoten |year=2002 |isbn=4840620202 |pages=383–384}}</ref>

In 1612, the [[Okamoto Daihachi incident]] occurred where Okamoto Daihachi (岡本大八, baptismal name Paulo), a Christian aide to the [[rōjū]] [[Honda Masazumi]], and Arima Harunobu, were implicated in series of crimes including bribery, conspiracy, forgery, and attempt to murder Hasegawa Fujihiro. Ieyasu was angered when he heard that Catholic followers had gathered at Okamoto's execution to offer prayers and sing hymns.{{sfn|Murdoch|Yamagata|1903|p=498}}

in 1614, Ieyasu was sufficiently concerned about Spanish territorial ambitions and signed the Christian Expulsion Edict. The edict banned the practice of Christianity and led to the expulsion of all foreign missionaries although some smaller Dutch trading operations remained in [[Nagasaki]].<ref name="Mullins">{{cite journal
| last = Mullins
 | first = Mark R.
 | year = 1990
 | title = Japanese Pentecostalism and the World of the Dead: a Study of Cultural Adaptation in Iesu no Mitama Kyokai
 | journal = Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
 | volume = 17
 | issue = 4
 | pages = 353–374 | doi = 10.18874/jjrs.17.4.1990.353-374
 | doi-access = free
 }}</ref>

=== Conflict with Hideyori ===
{{Main|Siege of Osaka}}

[[File:Hokoji(rushanabutsu).jpg|thumb|Replica of [[Hōkō-ji (Kyoto)|Great Buddha of Kyoto]] built by Hideyori]]
The last remaining threat to Ieyasu's rule was [[Toyotomi Hideyori]], the son and rightful heir to [[Hideyoshi]].<ref name=":0" /> He was now a young daimyo living in [[Osaka Castle]]. Many samurai who opposed Ieyasu rallied around Hideyori, claiming that he was the rightful ruler of Japan. Ieyasu found fault with the opening ceremony of a temple ([[Hōkō-ji (Kyoto)|Great Buddha of Kyoto]]) built by Hideyori; it was as if he prayed for Ieyasu's death and the ruin of the Tokugawa clan. Ieyasu ordered Hideyori to leave Osaka Castle, but those in the castle refused and summoned samurai to gather within the castle. Then in 1614, Ieysau besieged Osaka Castle.

Tokugawa forces, with a huge army led by Ieyasu and ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Hidetada, laid [[Siege of Osaka|siege to Osaka Castle]] in what is now known as "the Winter Siege of Osaka". Eventually, the Tokugawa were able to force negotiations and an armistice after cannon fire threatened Hideyori's mother, Yodo-dono. However, once the treaty had been agreed on, the Tokugawa filled in the castle's outer moats with sand so their troops could walk across. Through this ploy, Tokugawa gained a huge tract of land through negotiation and deception that they could not have gained through siege and combat. Ieyasu returned to Sunpu Castle, but after Toyotomi Hideyori refused another order to leave Osaka, Ieyasu and his allied army of 155,000 soldiers attacked Osaka Castle again in "the Summer Siege of Osaka".

In late 1615, Osaka Castle fell and nearly all the defenders were killed, including Hideyori, his mother (Toyotomi Hideyoshi's widow, Yodo-dono), and his infant son. His wife, [[Senhime]] (a granddaughter of Ieyasu), pleaded to save Hideyori and Yodo-dono's lives. Ieyasu refused and either required them to commit seppuku, or killed both of them. Eventually, Senhime was sent back to the Tokugawa clan alive. With the [[Toyotomi clan|Toyotomi]] line finally extinguished, no threats remained to the Tokugawa clan's domination of Japan.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

[[File:The tomb of Tokugawa Ieyasu.JPG|thumb|The tomb of Tokugawa Ieyasu in [[Nikkō Tōshō-gū]]]]

=== Final year & death ===
After the conflict with Toyotomi Hideyori, Ieyasu implemented the [[Buke shohatto]] code, which stated that each daimyo lord was only allowed to possess one castle.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Watanabe Daimon |title=戦国大名の改易と徳川時代の幕開け…武家諸法度・一国一城令と、福島正則の改易事例 |trans-title=The demotion of feudal lords during the Sengoku period and the beginning of the Tokugawa period...The example of the demotion of Fukushima Masanori, and the Buke Shohatto and Ikkoku Ikjō Law |url=https://sengoku-his.com/2378 |website=sengoku-his |publisher=sengoku-his.com |access-date=19 June 2024 |language=Ja |date=2024}}</ref>

In 1616, Tokugawa Ieyasu died at the age of 73.<ref name="screech85"/> The cause of death is thought to have been [[cancer]] or [[syphilis]]. The first Tokugawa ''shōgun'' was posthumously deified with the name Tōshō Daigongen ({{lang|ja|東照大權現}}), the "Great Gongen, Light of the East". (A ''[[Gongen]]'' is believed to be a [[Buddhahood|buddha]] who has appeared on Earth in the shape of a ''[[kami]]'' to save sentient beings). In life, Ieyasu had expressed the wish to be deified after his death to protect his descendants from evil. His remains were buried at the Gongens' mausoleum at Kunōzan, [[Kunōzan Tōshō-gū]] ({{lang|ja|久能山東照宮}}). Many people believe that after the first anniversary of his death, his remains were reburied at Nikkō Shrine, [[Nikkō Tōshō-gū]] ({{lang|ja|日光東照宮}}), and that his remains are still there. Neither shrine has offered to open the graves, and the location of Ieyasu's physical remains is still a mystery. The mausoleum's architectural style became known as ''[[Gongen|gongen-zukuri]]'', that is [[Gongen|''gongen''-style]].<ref>[http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/g/gongenzukuri.htm JAANUS / Gongen-zukuri {{lang|ja|權現造}}<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

He was first given the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] name Tosho Dai-Gongen ({{lang|ja|東照大權現}}), then, after his death, it was changed to Hogo Onkokuin ({{lang|ja|法號安國院}}).{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}} During this time, the chief physician who cared for him, Sotetsu Katayama, diagnosed Ieyasu with [[stomach cancer]]. However, Ieyasu misinterpreted Katayama's diagnosis of his illness as a tapeworm infestation. Thus, he did not take the medicine Sotetsu had prepared, and instead continued his own method of therapy which he believed could cure his perceived tapeworm problem. This resulted in Ieyasu's health continually deteriorating. 

Although his son, Hidetada, also warned him about his medical method, this only served to anger Ieyasu, who arrogantly overvalued his own knowledge in the medical field. This conflict over his medical care ended when Ieyasu exiled Sotetsu to the Shinshu [[Takashima Domain]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shinoda Tatsuaki|title=Medical Records of 15 Generations of Tokugawa Shoguns |series=Shincho Shinsho|year=2005|isbn=978-4-10-610119-9}}</ref>{{Sfn|Miyamoto|1995}}

At the time of his death, Ieyasu had an estimated personal wealth of about 4 million koku, which extended to 8 million koku for the total of the Tokugawa clan. He also possessed about 42 tons of gold as the Tokugawa Shogunate had implemented the centralization of gold and silver mine ownership, unlike previous eras of government in Japan, in which possession of mine ownership was managed by local lords through the shogunate authorization.<ref name="Ieyasu wealth">{{cite web |author1=Ōjirō Ōmura (大村大次郎) |title=日本史上最大の資産家は徳川家康だった！？ |url=https://rekishikaido.php.co.jp/detail/7050 |website=rekishikaido |publisher=PHPオンライン |access-date=12 June 2024 |pages=1–2 |language=Ja |date=2019}}</ref>

The Tokugawa shogunate would rule Japan for the next 260 years.<ref name=":0" />