Editing Tannin (section)

== Tannin uses and market ==
[[File:Tannin in Plastic container.jpeg|thumb|Tannin in a plastic container]]
Tannins have been used since antiquity in the processes of tanning hides for leather, and in helping preserve iron artifacts (as with Japanese iron teapots).

Industrial tannin production began at the beginning of the 19th century with the industrial revolution, to produce tanning material for the need for more leather. Before that time, processes used plant material and were long (up to six months).<ref>{{cite web |title=1854 – 1906: The foundation |url=https://www.silvateam.com/en/who-we-are/history/1854-1906-foundation.html |website=Silvateam |access-date=9 August 2022 |language=en |date=15 May 2015}}</ref>

There was a collapse in the vegetable tannin market in the 1950s–1960s, due to the appearance of [[synthetic tannin]]s, which were invented in response to a scarcity of vegetable tannins during World War II. At that time, many small tannin industry sites closed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iufro.org/download/file/2480/95/10700-mangrove-ecosystems.doc|title="The Status of Mangrove Ecosystems: Trends in the Utilisation and Management of Mangrove Resources". D. Macintosh and S. Zisman}}</ref> Vegetable tannins are estimated to be used for the production of 10–20% of the global leather production.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

The cost of the final product depends on the method used to extract the tannins, in particular the use of solvents, alkali and other chemicals used (for instance [[Glycerite|glycerin]]). For large quantities, the most cost-effective method is hot water extraction.

[[Tannic acid]] is used worldwide as clarifying agent in alcoholic drinks and as aroma ingredient in both alcoholic and soft drinks or juices. Tannins from different botanical origins also find extensive uses in the wine industry.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

=== Uses ===
Tannins are an important ingredient in the process of tanning leather. [[Tanbark]] from [[oak]], [[mimosa]], chestnut and [[quebracho tree]] has traditionally been the primary source of [[Tanning (leather)|tannery]] tannin, though inorganic [[Leather tanning|tanning agents]] are also in use today and account for 90% of the world's leather production.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Marion Kite |author2=Roy Thomson |title=Conservation of leather and related materials |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62zZy2B4ehQC |year=2006 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=978-0-7506-4881-3 |page=23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216170048/https://books.google.com/books?id=62zZy2B4ehQC |archive-date=16 December 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Tannins produce different colors with [[ferric chloride]] (either blue, blue black, or green to greenish-black) according to the type of tannin. [[Iron gall ink]] is produced by treating a solution of tannins with [[iron(II) sulfate]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lemay|first1=Marie-France|title=Iron Gall Ink|url=https://travelingscriptorium.library.yale.edu/2013/03/21/iron-gall-ink/|website=Traveling Scriptorium: A Teaching Kit|publisher=Yale University|access-date=18 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215082127/https://travelingscriptorium.library.yale.edu/2013/03/21/iron-gall-ink/|archive-date=15 February 2017|df=dmy-all|date=21 March 2013}}</ref>

Tannins can also be used as a [[mordant]], and is especially useful in [[natural dye]]ing of [[cellulose fiber]]s such as cotton.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prabhu|first1=K. H.|last2=Teli|first2=M. D.|date=2014-12-01|title=Eco-dyeing using Tamarindus indica L. seed coat tannin as a natural mordant for textiles with antibacterial activity|journal=Journal of Saudi Chemical Society|language=en|volume=18|issue=6|pages=864–872|doi=10.1016/j.jscs.2011.10.014|issn=1319-6103|doi-access=free}}</ref> The type of tannin used may or may not have an impact on the final color of the fiber.

Tannin is a component in a type of industrial [[particleboard]] [[adhesive]] developed jointly by the Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization and Forintek Labs Canada.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00072-0 |author1=Bisanda E. T. N. |author2=Ogola W. O. |author3=Tesha J. V. |title=Characterisation of tannin resin blends for particle board applications |journal=Cement and Concrete Composites |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=593–598 |date=August 2003 }}</ref> ''[[Pinus radiata]]'' tannins has been investigated for the production of [[Wood glue|wood adhesives]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jingge |last2=Maplesden|first2=Frances |title=Commercial production of tannins from radiata pine bark for wood adhesives |journal=IPENZ Transactions |volume=25 |issue=1/EMCh |year=1998 |url=http://www.ipenz.org.nz/ipenz/publications/transactions/Transactions98/emch/7li.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030122050049/http://www.ipenz.org.nz/ipenz/publications/transactions/Transactions98/emch/7li.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 January 2003 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

[[Condensed tannin]]s, e.g., quebracho tannin, and [[Hydrolyzable tannin]]s, e.g., chestnut tannin, appear to be able to substitute a high proportion of synthetic phenol in phenol-formaldehyde resins for wood [[particleboard]].{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

Tannins can be used for production of anti-[[corrosion|corrosive]] primers for treating rusted steel surfaces prior to painting, converting rust to iron tannate and consolidating and sealing the surface.

The use of [[resin]]s made of tannins has been investigated to remove [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] and [[methylmercury]] from solution.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Torres J. |author2=Olivares S. |author3=De La Rosa D. |author4=Lima L. |author5=Martínez F. |author6=Munita C. S. |author7=Favaro D. I. T. |title=Removal of mercury(II) and methylmercury from solution by tannin adsorbents |journal=Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry |volume=240 |issue=1 |pages=361–365 |year=1999 |doi=10.1007/BF02349180 |bibcode=1999JRNC..240..361T |s2cid=24811963 }}</ref> Immobilized tannins have been tested to recover [[uranium]] from seawater.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Takashi Sakaguchia |author2=Akira Nakajimaa |title=Recovery of Uranium from Seawater by Immobilized Tannin |journal=Separation Science and Technology |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=1609–1623 |date=June 1987 |doi=10.1080/01496398708058421 }}</ref>