Editing Snow (section)

====Highway====
[[File:Cars covered in Snow on Lake Shore Drive Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|thumb|Traffic stranded in a [[2011 Groundhog Day blizzard|2011 Chicago snowstorm]].]]
[[File:Snowy Higddhway 4012.jpg|thumb|Reduced visibility on [[Ontario Highway 401]] in Toronto due to a [[snowsquall]].]]
In the late 20th century, an estimated $2 billion was spent annually in North America on roadway winter maintenance, owing to snow and other winter weather events, according to a 1994 report by Kuemmel. The study surveyed the practices of jurisdictions within 44 US states and nine Canadian provinces. It assessed the policies, practices, and equipment used for winter maintenance. It found similar practices and progress to be prevalent in Europe.<ref name = Kuemmel/>

The dominant effect of snow on vehicle contact with the road is diminished friction. This can be improved with the use of [[snow tire]]s, which have a tread designed to compact snow in a manner that enhances traction. The key to maintaining a roadway that can accommodate traffic during and after a snow event is an effective anti-icing program that employs both chemicals and [[Snowplow|plowing]].<ref name = Kuemmel>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3gxuwTE5_MC&pg=PA10|title=Managing roadway snow and ice control operations|author=David A. Kuemmel|page=10|isbn=978-0-309-05666-3|publisher=Transportation Research Board|year=1994|access-date=July 8, 2009}}</ref> The [[Federal Highway Administration]] ''Manual of Practice for an Effective Anti-icing Program'' emphasizes "anti-icing" procedures that prevent the bonding of snow and ice to the road. Key aspects of the practice include: understanding anti-icing in light of the level of service to be achieved on a given roadway, the climatic conditions to be encountered, and the different roles of deicing, anti-icing, and abrasive materials and applications, and employing anti-icing "toolboxes", one for operations, one for decision-making and another for personnel. The elements to the toolboxes are:<ref name=FHWA>
{{cite web
 |url         = https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/mopeap/mop0296a.htm#eapappa2
 |title       = Manual of Practice for an Effective Anti-icing Program: A Guide For Highway Winter Maintenance Personnel
 |last1        = Ketcham
 |first1       = Stephen A.
 |last2       = Minsk
 |first2      = L. David
 |display-authors=2
 |author3=Robert R. Blackburn
 |author4=Edward J. Fleege
 |date        = June 1995
 |website     = [[Federal Highway Administration|Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)]]
 |publisher   = FHWA
 |access-date = December 1, 2016
 |quote       = Highway anti-icing is the snow and ice control practice of preventing the formation or development of bonded snow and ice by timely applications of a chemical freezing-point depressant.
 |url-status=live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20161201084330/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/mopeap/mop0296a.htm#eapappa2
 |archive-date = December 1, 2016
 |df          = mdy-all
}}</ref>
* ''Operations'' – Addresses the application of solid and liquid chemicals, using various techniques, including prewetting of chloride-salts. It also addresses plowing capability, including types of snowplows and blades used.
* ''Decision-making'' – Combines weather forecast information with road information to assess the upcoming needs for application of assets and the evaluation of treatment effectiveness with operations underway.
* ''Personnel'' – Addresses training and deployment of staff to effectively execute the anti-icing program, using the appropriate materials, equipment and procedures.
The manual offers matrices that address different types of snow and the rate of snowfall to tailor applications appropriately and efficiently.

[[Snow fence]]s, constructed upwind of roadways control snow drifting by causing windblown, drifting snow to accumulate in a desired place. They are also used on railways. Additionally, farmers and ranchers use snow fences to create drifts in basins for a ready supply of water in the spring.<ref>{{Citation| first1 =R| last1 =Jairell| first2 =R| last2 =Schmidt| title =Snow Management and Windbreaks| contribution =133| series =Range Beef Cow Symposium| year =1999| pages =12| publisher =[[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]]| url =http://www1.foragebeef.ca/$Foragebeef/frgebeef.nsf/all/frg4952/$FILE/snow_mgmt.pdf| url-status=live| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160507023359/http://www1.foragebeef.ca/$Foragebeef/frgebeef.nsf/all/frg4952/$FILE/snow_mgmt.pdf| archive-date =May 7, 2016| df =mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090129113327.htm|title='SnowMan' Software Helps Keep Snow Drifts Off The Road|date=February 6, 2009|journal=ScienceDaily|access-date=July 12, 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416122409/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090129113327.htm|archive-date=April 16, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref>