Editing Shenzhen (section)

== Education and research ==
{{main|Education in Shenzhen}}
[[File:Central Plaza of Yuehai Campus, Shenzhen University.jpg|thumb|[[Shenzhen University]]]]Before the 1980s, Shenzhen's education system was based on [[Primary school|primary]] and limited [[Secondary education|secondary schooling]]. No residents were admitted to a university.<ref name="Xiao-1998">{{Cite journal|last=Xiao|first=Jin|date=January 1998|title=Education Expansion in Shenzhen, China: Its Interface with Economic Development|journal=International Journal of Educational Development|volume=18|pages=3–19|doi=10.1016/S0738-0593(97)00025-4}}</ref> Since Shenzhen's establishment as a SEZ in the 1980s, migrants poured into the city, and jobs requiring a university education grew. 
[[File:Night of SUSTech.jpg|thumb|[[Southern University of Science and Technology]]|left]]
In the mid-1980s, as upper secondary education became popular, there was a need for [[higher education]] institutions in the city.<ref name="Xiao-1998" /> Opened in 1983, Shenzhen Normal School, later upgraded to Shenzhen Normal College, trained students to become primary school teachers. Approved by the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] in the same year, [[Shenzhen University]] became Shenzhen's first comprehensive full-time higher educational institution.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.szu.edu.cn/szu2007/docc/xxjj.asp?DcoID=13&CateID=443|script-title=zh:深圳大学——特区大学、窗口大学、实验大学|publisher=Shenzhen University |access-date=2011-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028092934/http://www.szu.edu.cn/szu2007/docc/xxjj.asp?DcoID=13&CateID=443|archive-date=2011-10-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.szu.edu.cn/|script-title=zh:深圳大学|website=szu.edu.cn|access-date=2018-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222806/https://www.szu.edu.cn/|archive-date=15 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999, the Shenzhen Municipal Government set up the Shenzhen Virtual University Park in the Science and Technology Park, where teachers from China's top universities taught graduate students.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/1054/5843022.html|script-title=zh:深圳虚拟大学园吸引境内外48所名校入驻|author=吴俊|date=2007-06-09|script-work=zh:人民网|access-date=2011-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922090944/http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/1054/5843022.html|archive-date=2011-09-22|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, the [[Southern University of Science and Technology]] was established<ref name="szjy">{{cite news|url=http://news.qq.com/a/20100804/001526.htm|script-title=zh:深圳市教育事业概况|author=深圳新闻网|date=2010-01-18|work=QQ News |access-date=2011-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918121716/http://news.qq.com/a/20100804/001526.htm|archive-date=2010-09-18|url-status=live}}</ref> followed in 2018 by the [[Shenzhen Technology University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Shenzhen Technology University |script-title=zh:深圳技术大学 |url=https://english.sztu.edu.cn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003173453/https://english.sztu.edu.cn/ |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=2024-01-19 |work=english.sztu.edu.cn}}</ref> Other universities have established campuses in the city, including Tsinghua University, Peking University, the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen|Chinese University of Hong Kong]], the [[Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)|Harbin Institute of Technology]], and [[Shenzhen MSU-BIT University|Moscow State University]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2015-09-16/doc-ifxhytxr3439178.shtml|script-title=zh:深圳又批一所中外合作办学高校：深圳北理莫斯科大学|date=2015-09-16|work=羊城晚报|access-date=2015-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906182315/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2015-09-16/doc-ifxhytxr3439178.shtml|archive-date=2017-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2023, Shenzhen also has the [[List of cities by scientific output|19th largest scientific research output]] of any city in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} Nature Index 2023 Science Cities {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.nature.com |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122050201/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Shenzhen Middle School 1.jpg|thumb|[[Shenzhen Middle School]]]]
Quality primary education in Shenzhen depends on parent's ability to get their kids [[hukou]]. In  Shenzhen, this depends on the birth, education and marriage of the parents.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|title=China's Shenzhen to tighten residency rules to curb population boom|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/chinas-shenzhen-to-tighten-residency-rules-to-curb-population-boom/ar-AAKowSE|access-date=2021-06-18|website=www.msn.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200631/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/chinas-shenzhen-to-tighten-residency-rules-to-curb-population-boom/ar-AAKowSE |archive-date= June 24, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cheung |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Zhao |first2=Shirley |title=Hong Kong-born children of Chinese parents allowed to study in Shenzhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2085876/shenzhen-authorities-allow-hong-kong-born |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=South China Morning Post |date=7 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, 33% of Shenzhen residents had hukou.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|title=City population stands at 17.56 million_Latest News-Shenzhen Government Online|url=http://www.sz.gov.cn/en_szgov/news/latest/content/post_8771774.html|access-date=2021-06-18|website=www.sz.gov.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=户籍人口5年新增200多万！深圳要收紧落户了？|url=https://finance.ifeng.com/c/85pWEmOKhVN|access-date=2021-06-18|website=finance.ifeng.com}}</ref> The nine-year compulsory education in Shenzhen is free.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.sohu.com/20080901/n259301587.shtml|script-title=zh:深圳义务教育将免课本费杂费 34万外来学生受益|date=2008-09-01|work=深圳新闻网|access-date=2011-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906183450/http://news.sohu.com/20080901/n259301587.shtml|archive-date=2017-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/11022957.html|script-title=zh:深圳全面取消义务教育"借读费"|author=胡谋|date=2010-02-25|work=人民网教育专栏|access-date=2011-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228220846/http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/11022957.html|archive-date=2010-02-28|url-status=live}}</ref> For secondary education, parents try to get their children into ''Shenzhen's four famous schools'': [[Shenzhen Middle School]], [[Shenzhen Experimental School]], [[Shenzhen Foreign Languages School]], and Shenzhen High School.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1491634|script-title=zh:深圳四大名校学位房单价最高逼近十万，家长称"咬牙也要买"|date=2016-06-30|work=羊城晚报|access-date=2016-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701204756/http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1491634|archive-date=2016-07-01}}</ref><ref name=Qianboom/> These schools have an approximately 10% admission rate for hukou students and 2% for students applying without hukou.<ref name=Qianboom>{{cite web|author=Qian, Jinghua|url=http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1470/shenzhen%20s-international-schools-boom-and-bust|title=Boom and Bust of Shenzhen's International Schools|publisher=[[Sixth Tone]]|date=2016-10-25|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref>

As of 2024, Shenzhen has 14 higher educational institutions, 554 general secondary schools, 359 primary schools, and 1,973 [[preschool]]s.<ref name="2015统计公报3">{{cite web |title=深圳市2023年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |trans-title=Statistical Communiqué on Shenzhen's National Economic and Social Development in 2023 |url=https://tjj.sz.gov.cn/gkmlpt/content/11/11264/post_11264245.html#4222 |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=Shenzhen Statistics Bureau}}</ref> According to Laurie Chen of the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'', Shenzhen, which had 15 million people as of 2019, had not built as many primary and secondary schools for its populace as it should have, compared to similarly developed cities in China.<ref name="Cheneyestop">{{Cite web|author=Chen, Laurie|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3029696/chinese-city-offers-400-teachers-us39500-year-bid-attract-best|title=South China city eyes top teachers with offer of US$39,500 a year|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|date=2019-09-20|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> Laurie Chen cited the acceptance rate of Shenzhen secondary schools in 2018: 35,000 slots were available for almost 80,000 applicants. She also cited how [[Guangzhou]] had 961 primary schools while Shenzhen had only 344 primary schools, as well as how Guangzhou's count of primary school teachers exceeded that of Shenzhen's by 17,000; Chen argued that Guangzhou and Shenzhen have similar populations. In response Shenzhen schools began increasing salaries for prospective teachers.<ref name="Cheneyestop" />