Editing Romanian language (section)

=== Other influences ===
Even before the 19th century, Romanian came in contact with several other languages. Notable examples of lexical borrowings include:
* [[German language|German]]: ''cartof'' < ''Kartoffel'' "potato", ''bere'' < ''Bier'' "beer", ''șurub'' < ''Schraube'' "screw", ''turn'' < ''Turm'' "tower", ''ramă'' < ''Rahmen'' "frame", ''muștiuc'' < ''Mundstück''   "mouth piece", ''bormașină'' < ''Bohrmaschine'' "drilling machine", ''cremșnit'' < ''Kremschnitte'' "cream slice", ''șvaițer'' < ''Schweizer'' "Swiss cheese", ''șlep'' < ''Schleppkahn'' "barge", ''șpriț'' < ''Spritzer'' "wine with soda water", ''abțibild'' < ''Abziehbild'' "decal picture", ''șnițel'' < ''(Wiener) Schnitzel'' "a battered cutlet", ''șmecher'' < ''Schmecker'' "taster (not interested in buying)",'' șuncă'' < dialectal ''Schunke'' (''Schinken'') "ham", ''punct'' < ''Punkt'' "point", ''maistru'' < ''Meister'' "master",  ''rundă'' < ''Runde'' "round".
Furthermore, during the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] and, later on, [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] rule of [[Banat]], [[Transylvania]], and [[Bukovina]], a large number of words were borrowed from [[Austrian German|Austrian High German]], in particular in fields such as the military, administration, social welfare, economy, etc.<ref name="Dama 2006">{{Cite journal |last=Dama |first=Hans |date=2006 |title=Lexikale Einflüsse im Rumänischen aus dem österreichischen Deutsch |trans-title=Lexical influences of 'Austrian'-German on the Romanian language |url=https://www.philologica-jassyensia.ro/upload/II_1_Dama.pdf |journal=Philologica Jassyensia |language=de |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=105–110 |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012715/https://www.philologica-jassyensia.ro/upload/II_1_Dama.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Subsequently, German terms have been taken out of science and technics, like: ''șină'' < ''Schiene'' "rail", ''știft'' < ''Stift'' "peg", ''liță'' < ''Litze'' "braid", ''șindrilă'' < ''Schindel'' "shingle", ''ștanță'' < ''Stanze'' "punch", ''șaibă'' < ''Scheibe'' "washer", ''ștangă'' < ''Stange'' "crossbar", ''țiglă'' < ''Ziegel'' "tile", ''șmirghel'' < ''Schmirgelpapier'' "emery paper";
* [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''folos'' < ''ófelos'' "use", ''buzunar'' < ''buzunára'' "pocket", ''proaspăt'' < ''prósfatos'' "fresh", ''cutie'' < ''cution'' "box", ''portocale'' < ''portokalia'' "oranges". While Latin borrowed words of Greek origin, Romanian obtained Greek loanwords on its own. Greek entered Romanian through the ''[[apoikia]]i'' (colonies) and ''[[Emporium (antiquity)|emporia]]'' (trade stations) founded in and around [[Dobruja]], through the presence of [[Byzantine Empire]] in north of the [[Danube]], through [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] during Bulgarian Empires that converted Romanians to Orthodox Christianity, and after the Greek Civil War, when thousands of Greeks fled Greece.
* [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''a cheltui'' < ''költeni'' "to spend", ''a făgădui'' < ''fogadni'' "to promise", ''a mântui'' < ''menteni'' "to save", ''oraș'' < ''város'' "city";
* [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''papuc'' < ''pabuç'' "slipper", ''ciorbă'' < ''çorba'' "wholemeal soup, sour soup", ''bacșiș'' < ''bahşiş'' "tip" (ultimately from Persian ''[[baksheesh]]'');
* Additionally, the [[Romani language]] has provided a series of slang words to Romanian such as: ''mișto'' "good, beautiful, cool" < ''mišto'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Zafiu |first=Rodica |date=2009 |title=Mișto și legenda bastonului |url=http://www.romlit.ro/index.pl/mito_i_legenda_bastonului |url-status=dead |magazine=România literară |language=ro |issue=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921115041/http://www.romlit.ro/index.pl/mito_i_legenda_bastonului |archive-date=21 September 2018 |access-date=21 September 2018 |quote=There is no doubt among linguists about the Romany etymology of the Romanian word ''mișto'', but a fairly widespread folk etymology and urban legend maintains that the German phrase ''mit Stock'' 'with stick' would be its true origin.}}</ref> ''gagică'' "girlie, girlfriend" < ''[[Gadjo (non-Romani)|gadji]]'', ''a hali'' "to devour" < ''halo'', ''mandea'' "yours truly" < ''mande'', ''a mangli'' "to pilfer" < ''manglo''.