Editing Refrigeration (section)

===Thermoelectric refrigeration===
[[Thermoelectric cooling]] uses the [[Peltier effect]] to create a heat [[flux]] between the junction of two types of material.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Lundgaard |first=Christian |title=Design of segmented thermoelectric Peltier coolers by topology optimization |publisher=OXFORD: Elsevier Ltd |year=2019 |pages=1 |language=English}}</ref> This effect is commonly used in camping and portable coolers and for cooling electronic components<ref>Fylladitakis, E. (September 26, 2016) [http://www.anandtech.com/show/10695/the-phononic-hex-2-0-tec-cpu-cooler-review The Phononic HEX 2.0 TEC CPU Cooler Review]. Anandtech.com. Retrieved on 2018-10-31.</ref> and small instruments. Peltier coolers are often used where a traditional vapor-compression cycle refrigerator would be impractical or take up too much space, and in cooled image sensors as an easy, compact and lightweight, if inefficient, way to achieve very low temperatures, using two or more stage peltier coolers arranged in a [[cascade refrigeration]] configuration, meaning that two or more Peltier elements are stacked on top of each other, with each stage being larger than the one before it,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKy-DwAAQBAJ&dq=cascade+peltier+cooler&pg=PA95|title=Conductors, Semiconductors, Superconductors: An Introduction to Solid-State Physics|first=Rudolf P.|last=Huebener|date=November 16, 2019|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=9783030314200 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4O1DwAAQBAJ&dq=peltier+stages&pg=PA625|title=CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics|first=D. M.|last=Rowe|date=December 7, 2018|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780429956676 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zut8CAAAQBAJ&dq=peltier+stages&pg=PA9|title=Thermoelectric Bi2Te3 Nanomaterials|first1=Oliver|last1=Eibl|first2=Kornelius|last2=Nielsch|first3=Nicola|last3=Peranio|first4=Friedemann|last4=Völklein|date=April 21, 2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527672639 |via=Google Books}}</ref> in order to extract more heat and waste heat generated by the previous stages. Peltier cooling has a low COP (efficiency) when compared with that of the vapor-compression cycle, so it emits more waste heat (heat generated by the Peltier element or cooling mechanism) and consumes more power for a given cooling capacity.<ref name=PNL>{{cite web |last=Brown |first=D. R.| title=The Prospects of Alternatives to Vapor Compression Technology for Space Cooling and Food Refrigeration Applications |url=http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/pnnl-19259.pdf |work=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNL) |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |access-date=16 March 2013 |author2=N. Fernandez |author3=J. A. Dirks |author4=T. B. Stout |date=March 2010}}</ref>