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== References == === Notes === {{notelist}} === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Bibliography === {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} *{{Cite book |last=Alland |first=Alexander Jr |url=https://archive.org/details/raceinmindraceiq00alla |title=Race in Mind |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2002 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/raceinmindraceiq00alla/page/79 79–80] |isbn=978-0-312-23838-4 |url-access=registration }} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/race.htm |title=American Anthropological Association Statement on 'Race' and Intelligence |date=December 1994 |publisher=American Anthropological Association |ref={{harvid|AAA|1994}} |access-date=2005-03-24 |archive-date=2005-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305114339/http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/race.htm |url-status=live }} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm |title=American Anthropological Association Statement on 'Race' |date=17 May 1998 |publisher=American Anthropological Association |ref={{harvid|AAA|1998}} |access-date=24 February 2011 |archive-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627184228/http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |year=1996 |title=AAPA Statement on Biological Aspects of Race |url=http://www.physanth.org/association/position-statements/biological-aspects-of-race/?searchterm=race |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=569–570 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1331010408 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928030510/http://www.physanth.org/association/position-statements/biological-aspects-of-race/?searchterm=race |archive-date=2011-09-28 |access-date=2011-05-24 |ref={{harvid|AAPA|1996}} }} *{{Cite book |last1=Aronson |first1=E |title=Social Psychology |last2=Wilson |first2=TD |last3=Akert |first3=AM |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-13-178686-8 |edition=5th |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ}} *{{Cite journal |last1=Behrman |first1=JR |last2=Alderman |first2=H |last3=Hoddinott |first3=J |year=2004 |title=Hunger and Malnutrition |url=http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Files/Filer/CC/Papers/sammendrag/Accepted__Hunger_summary_070504.pdf |journal=Copenhagen Consensus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025122932/http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Files/Filer/CC/Papers/sammendrag/Accepted__Hunger_summary_070504.pdf |archive-date=2006-10-25 }} *{{Cite journal |last1=Bellinger |first1=David C |last2=Stiles |first2=Karen M |last3=Needleman |first3=Herbert L |date=December 1992 |title=Low-Level Lead Exposure, Intelligence and Academic Achievement: A Long-term Follow-up Study |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/90/6/855 |journal=Pediatrics |volume=90 |issue=6 |pages=855–61 |doi=10.1542/peds.90.6.855 |pmid=1437425 |s2cid=25746146 |author-link1=David Bellinger |author-link3=Herbert Needleman |access-date=2009-12-19 |archive-date=2019-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104021959/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/90/6/855?sso=1&sso_redirect_count=1&nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3A+No+local+token |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=Berlet |first=Chip |date=Summer 2003 |title=Into the Mainstream |url=http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=50 |journal=Intelligence Report |issue=110 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202152214/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=50 |archive-date=2 February 2010 |access-date=21 February 2012 |df=dmy-all |author-link=Chip Berlet }} *{{Cite book |last=Block |first=Ned |title=Race and Intelligence: Separating Science from Myth |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates |year=2002 |editor-last=Fish |editor-first=Jefferson |chapter=How heritability misleads about race}} *{{Cite journal |last=Borsboom |first=Denny |date=September 2006 |title=The attack of the psychometricians |journal=Psychometrika |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=425–40 |doi=10.1007/s11336-006-1447-6 |pmc=2779444 |pmid=19946599}} *{{Cite journal |last=Brace |first=C Loring |year=1999 |title=An Anthropological Perspective on 'Race' and Intelligence: The non-clinal nature of human cognitive capabilities |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-anthropological-research_summer-1999_55_2/page/245 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Research |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=245–64 |doi=10.1086/jar.55.2.3631210 |jstor=3631210 |s2cid=83112950 |author-link=C. Loring Brace}} *{{Cite book |last=Brace |first=C. Loring |title=Race is a four letter word |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-517351-2 |page=326}} *{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=race |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/488030/race |edition=Online |ref={{harvid|Britannica|2012}} |access-date=2011-02-24 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629075541/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/488030/race |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Robert T |last2=Reynolds |first2=Cecil R |last3=Whitaker |first3=Jean S |year=1999 |title=Bias in Mental Testing since "Bias in Mental Testing" |journal=School Psychology Quarterly |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=208–38 |doi=10.1037/h0089007|s2cid=46561407 }} *{{Cite journal |last1=Bryc |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Auton |first2=Adam |last3=Nelson |first3=Matthew R. |last4=Oksenberg |first4=Jorge R. |last5=Hauser |first5=Stephen L. |last6=Williams |first6=Scott |last7=Froment |first7=Alain |last8=Bodo |first8=Jean-Marie |last9=Wambebe |first9=Charles |last10=Tishkoff |first10=Sarah A. |last11=Bustamante |first11=Carlos D. |year=2009 |title=Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=786–91 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107..786B |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909559107 |pmc=2818934 |pmid=20080753 |ref={{harvid|Bryc et al.|2009}} |doi-access=free}} *{{Cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=FA |last2=Ramey |first2=CT |year=1994 |title=Effects of early intervention on intellectual and academic achievement: A follow-up study of children from low-income families |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-development_1994-04_65_2/page/684 |journal=Child Development |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=684–698 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00777.x}} *{{Cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Frances A |last2=Ramey |first2=Craig T |last3=Pungello |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Sparling |first4=Joseph |last5=Miller-Johnson |first5=Shari |year=2002 |title=Early Childhood Education: Young Adult Outcomes From the Abecedarian Project |journal=Applied Developmental Science |volume=6 |pages=42–57 |doi=10.1207/s1532480xads0601_05 |s2cid=71602425 |ref={{harvid|Campbell et al.|2002}}}} *{{Cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Michael |title='Race', IQ and Genes |last2=Beckwith |first2=Jon |date=2001 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |isbn=978-0-470-01590-2 |pages=1–5 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0005689.pub3}} *{{Cite journal |last1=Ceci |first1=SJ |last2=Williams |first2=WM |year=2009 |title=Darwin 200: Should scientists study race and IQ? Yes: the scientific truth must be pursued |journal=Nature |volume=457 |issue=7231 |pages=788–9 |bibcode=2009Natur.457..788C |doi=10.1038/457788a |pmid=19212385 |s2cid=205044224 |author-link1=Stephen J. Ceci |author-link2=Wendy M. Williams |doi-access=free}} *{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=R. S. |year=2005 |title=Race and IQ: Molecular Genetics as Deus ex Machina |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-psychologist_2005-01_60_1/page/71 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=71–76 |citeseerx=10.1.1.624.5059 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.71 |pmid=15641923}} *{{Cite journal |last1=Cottrell |first1=Jonathan M. |last2=Newman |first2=Daniel A. |last3=Roisman |first3=Glenn I. |date=November 2015 |title=Explaining the black-white gap in cognitive test scores: Toward a theory of adverse impact |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-psychology_2015-11_100_6/page/1713 |journal=The Journal of Applied Psychology |volume=100 |issue=6 |pages=1713–1736 |doi=10.1037/apl0000020 |issn=1939-1854 |pmid=25867168}} *{{Cite journal |last1=Cronshaw |first1=Steven F |last2=Hamilton |first2=Leah K |last3=Onyura |first3=Betty R |last4=Winston |first4=Andrew S |date=September 2006 |title=Case for Non-Biased Intelligence Testing Against Black Africans Has Not Been Made: A Comment on Rushton, Skuy, and Bons |journal=International Journal of Selection and Assessment |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=278–287 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2389.2006.00346.x |s2cid=91179275 |ref={{harvid|Cronshaw et al.|2006}}}} *{{Cite book |last1=Daley |first1=C. E. |title=The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence |last2=Onwuegbuzie |first2=A. J. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-521-51806-2 |editor-last=Sternberg |editor-first=R. |location=Cambridge New York |pages=293–306 |chapter=Race and Intelligence |editor-last2=Kaufman |editor-first2=S. B.}} *{{Cite book |last=Deary |first=Ian J |title=Intelligence: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-289321-5}} *{{Cite journal |last1=Deary |first1=I. J. |last2=Penke |first2=L. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. |year=2010 |title=The neuroscience of human intelligence differences |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/8895819/the_neuroscience_of_human_intelligence.pdf |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=201–211 |doi=10.1038/nrn2793 |pmid=20145623 |s2cid=5136934 |hdl=20.500.11820/9b11fac3-47d0-424c-9d1c-fe6f9ff2ecac |hdl-access=free |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719195613/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/8895819/the_neuroscience_of_human_intelligence.pdf |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last1=Deary |first1=IJ |last2=Johnson |first2=W |last3=Houlihan |first3=LM |year=2009 |title=Genetic foundations of human intelligence |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/8895353/genetic_foundations_of_human_intelligence.pdf |journal=Human Genetics |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=215–32 |doi=10.1007/s00439-009-0655-4 |pmid=19294424 |hdl=20.500.11820/c3e0a75b-dad6-4860-91c6-b242221af681 |s2cid=4975607 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2019-12-07 |archive-date=2020-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801215610/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/8895353/genetic_foundations_of_human_intelligence.pdf |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last1=Dickens |first1=William T |last2=Flynn |first2=James R |year=2001 |title=Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-review_2001-04_108_2/page/346 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=346–69 |citeseerx=10.1.1.139.2436 |doi=10.1037/0033-295X.108.2.346 |pmid=11381833 |author-link1=William T. Dickens}} *{{Cite journal |last1=Dickens |first1=William T |last2=Flynn |first2=James R |year=2006 |title=Black Americans Reduce the Racial IQ Gap: Evidence from Standardization Samples |url=http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/dickens/20060619_iq.pdf |journal=Psychological Science |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=913–20 |citeseerx=10.1.1.186.2540 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01802.x |pmid=17100793 |s2cid=6593169 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009095003/http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/dickens/20060619_IQ.pdf |archive-date=2009-10-09 }} *{{Cite journal |last1=Elhoweris |first1=Hala |last2=Mutua |first2=Kagendo |last3=Alsheikh |first3=Negmeldin |last4=Holloway |first4=Pauline |year=2005 |title=Effect of Children's Ethnicity on Teachers' Referral and Recommendation Decisions in Gifted and Talented Programs |journal=Remedial and Special Education |volume=26 |pages=25–31 |doi=10.1177/07419325050260010401 |s2cid=146321193 |ref={{harvid|Elhoweris et al.|2005}}}} *{{Cite journal |last=Eppig |first=Christopher |year=2011 |title=Why Is Average IQ Higher in Some Places? |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-is-average-iq-higher-in-some-places |journal=Scientific American |access-date=2011-11-20 |archive-date=2020-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401001619/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-is-average-iq-higher-in-some-places/ |url-status=live }} *{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Gavin |title=Skin Deep: Journeys in the Divisive Science of Race |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-78607-622-9 |location=London |oclc=1059232398 |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]]}} *{{Cite journal |last=Eyferth |first=K |year=1961 |title=Leistungern verscheidener Gruppen von Besatzungskindern Hamburg-Wechsler Intelligenztest für Kinder (HAWIK) |journal=Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie |language=de |volume=113 |pages=222–41}} *{{Cite book |last=Eysenck |first=Hans J |title=Arthur Jensen: Consensus and controversy |publisher=Falmer |year=1987 |editor-last=Modgil |editor-first=S |location=New York, NY |chapter=Intelligence and Reaction Time: The Contribution of Arthur Jensen |editor-last2=Modgil |editor-first2=C |author-link=Hans Eysenck}} *{{Cite book |last=Falk |first=Avner |title=Anti-semitism: a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred |publisher=Praeger |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-313-35385-7 |page=312}} *{{Cite journal |last=Flynn |first=James R |year=1991 |title=Reaction times show that both Chinese and British children are more intelligent than one another |journal=Perceptual and Motor Skills |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=544–6 |doi=10.2466/pms.1991.72.2.544 |s2cid=144091744 |author-link=James Flynn (academic)}} *{{Cite journal |last=Flynn |first=James R |date=3 September 2008 |title=Perspectives: Still a question of black vs white? |url=http://www.cambridgeblog.org/2008/09/james-flynn-in-the-new-scientist/ |journal=New Scientist |edition=magazine issue |issue=2672 |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(08)62253-8 |volume=199 |pages=48–50 |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707111349/http://www.cambridgeblog.org/2008/09/james-flynn-in-the-new-scientist/ |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=Flynn |first=James R |year=2009b |title=Would you wish the research undone? |journal=Nature |volume=458 |issue=7235 |page=146 |bibcode=2009Natur.458..146F |doi=10.1038/458146a |pmid=19279612 |doi-access=free}} *{{Cite journal |last=Flynn |first=James R |year=2010 |title=The spectacles through which I see the race and IQ debate |url=http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/flynn2010a.pdf |journal=Intelligence |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=363–6 |doi=10.1016/j.intell.2010.05.001 |access-date=2011-02-18 |archive-date=2020-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207224050/http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/flynn2010a.pdf |url-status=live }} *{{Cite book |last=Flynn |first=James R. |title=Are We Getting Smarter? Rising IQ in the Twenty-First Century |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-107-60917-4 |location=Cambridge |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/arewegettingsmar0000flyn }} **{{lay source |template=cite periodical |author=Lea Winerman |date=March 2013 |title=Smarter than ever? |volume=44 |issue=3 |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/03/smarter.aspx |periodical=Monitor on Psychology}} *{{Cite journal |last=Gottfredson |first=Linda S |year=1997 |title=Mainstream Science on Intelligence (editorial) |url=http://www.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1997mainstream.pdf |journal=Intelligence |volume=24 |pages=13–23 |doi=10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90011-8 |author-link=Linda Gottfredson |access-date=2005-01-08 |archive-date=2014-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222052006/http://www.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1997mainstream.pdf |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=Gottfredson |first=Linda S |year=2007 |title=Applying Double Standards to 'Divisive' Ideas: Commentary on Hunt and Carlson |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=216–220 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00039.x |pmid=26151962 |s2cid=21203607}} *{{Cite book |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay |url=https://archive.org/details/mismeasureofman00goulrich |title=The Mismeasure of Man |publisher=Norton |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-393-30056-7 |location=New York, London |url-access=registration |author-link=Stephen Jay Gould }} *{{Cite book |last=Graves |first=Joseph L. |url=https://archive.org/details/emperorsnewcloth00grav |title=The Emperor's New Clothes: Biological Theories of Race at the Millennium |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8135-2847-2 |edition=Kindle |url-access=registration |author-link=Joseph L. 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F. |last2=Beresh |first2=H. |last3=Kigar |first3=D. L. |date=February 2006 |title=Intelligence and brain size in 100 postmortem brains: sex, lateralization and age factors |journal=Brain |volume=129 |issue=2 |pages=386–398 |doi=10.1093/brain/awh696 |pmid=16339797 |doi-access=free}} *{{Cite book |last=Wooldridge |first=Adrian |title=Measuring the Mind: Education and Psychology in England c. 1860-c. 1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-39515-1}} *{{Cite book |last=Wroe |first=Andrew |title=The Republican Party and Immigration Politics: from Proposition 187 to George W. Bush |publisher=Macmillan |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-230-60053-9 |page=294}} {{refend}} {{Human intelligence topics}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Race And Intelligence}} [[Category:Race (human categorization)]] [[Category:Factors related to intelligence]] [[Category:Race and intelligence controversy| ]] [[Category:Human population genetics]] [[Category:Scientific controversies]] [[Category:Anthropology]] [[Category:Scientific racism|Intelligence]] [[Category:Eugenics]]
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