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==References== ===Notes=== {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=TheGreat|Gregory had come to be known as 'the Great' by the late ninth century, a title which is still applied to him. See {{harvnb|Moorhead|2005|p=1}} }} {{efn|name=IIIorIV|Whether III or IV depends on whether [[Antipope Felix II]] is to be considered pope.}} {{efn|name=Later|Later these deacons became cardinals and from the oratories attached to the buildings grew churches}} {{efn|name=Earliest|The earliest life written a generation earlier than Bede at Whitby relates the same story but in it the English are merely visitors to Rome questioned by Gregory (see Holloway, who translates from the manuscript kept at [[Abbey library of St. Gallen|St. Gallen]]). The earlier story is not necessarily the more accurate, as Gregory is known to have instructed presbyter Candidus in [[Gaul]] by letter to buy young English slaves for placement in monasteries. These were intended for missionary work in England: See {{harvnb|Ambrosini|Willis|1996|p=71}} }} {{efn|name=Totila|Gregory mentions in Dialogue 3.2 that he was alive when [[Totila]] attempted to murder Carbonius, Bishop of [[Populonia]], probably in 546. In a letter of 598 (''Register'', Book 9, Letter 1) he rebukes Bishop Januarius of [[Cagliari]], Sardinia, excusing himself for not observing 1 Timothy 5.1, which cautions against rebuking elders. Timothy 5.9 defines elderly women to be 60 and over, which would probably apply to all. Gregory appears not to consider himself an elder, limiting his birth to no earlier than 539, but 540 is the typical selection. See {{harvnb|Dudden|1905|pp= 3, notes 1–3}} The presumption of 540 has continued in modern times – see for example {{harvnb|Richards|1980|p=}} }} {{efn|name=translator|The translator goes on to state that "[[Paul the Deacon|Paulus Diaconus]], who first writ the life of St. Gregory, and is followed by all the after Writers on that subject, observes that ''ex Greco eloquio in nostra lingua ... invigilator, seu vigilant sonnet.''" However, Paul the deacon is too late for the first ''vita'', or life.}} {{efn|name=HancVero|"Hanc vero quam Lucas peccatricem mulierem, Ioannes Mariam nominat, illam esse Mariam credimus de qua Marcus septem daemonia eiecta fuisse testatur" (''Patrologia Latina'' 76:1239)}} {{efn|name=grēgorein|The name is biblical, derived from [[New Testament]] contexts: grēgorein is a present, continuous aspect, meaning to be watchful of forsaking Christ. It is derived from a more ancient perfect, egrēgora, "roused from sleep", of egeirein, "to awaken someone." see {{harvnb|Thayer|1962|p=}} }} {{efn|name=Colgrave|For the various literary accounts, see {{harvnb|Anonymous Monk of Whitby|1985|p=157|loc=n. 110}} }} {{efn|name=BenPel|[[Pope Benedict I|Benedict I]] or [[Pelagius II]].}} {{efn|name=Palpate|"''Palpate et videte, quia spiritus carnem et ossa non-habet, sicut me videtis habere'', or "touch me, and look; a spirit has not flesh and bones, as you see that I have." - {{bibleverse|Luke|24:39}} }} }} ===Citations=== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=scborromeo.org>{{cite web |url=http://www.scborromeo.org/saints/gregory.htm|title=St. Gregory the Great|publisher=Web site of Saint Charles Borromeo Catholic Church|access-date=14 November 2009}}</ref> <ref name=britishlibrary>{{Cite web | url = http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2014/02/a-papyrus-puzzle-and-some-purple-parchment.html | title = A Papyrus Puzzle and Some Purple Parchment | date = 12 February 2014 | publisher = [[British Museum]] | access-date = 24 March 2014}}</ref> <ref name=vatican.va>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html|title=Sacrosanctum concilium|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> <ref name=prayerbook.ca>{{cite web|url=http://prayerbook.ca/resources/bcponline/calendar/|title=The Calendar|date=16 October 2013|access-date=12 March 2016|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022221459/http://prayerbook.ca/resources/bcponline/calendar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} ===Sources=== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!-- A --> *{{cite book |author=Ælfric|author-link=Ælfric of Abingdon |translator-last=Elstob |translator-first=Elizabeth |translator-link=Elizabeth Elstob |title=An English-Saxon Homily on the Birth-day of St. Gregory: Anciently Used in the English-Saxon Church, Giving an Account of the Conversion of the English from Paganism to Christianity|url=https://archive.org/details/anenglishsaxonh01elstgoog/page/n79|date=1709|publisher = W. Bowyer|location=London}} *{{cite book|author=Anonymous Monk of Whitby|editor=Bertram Colgrave |title=The Earliest Life of Gregory the Great|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RhH0dliZLwC&pg=PA157|year=1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-31384-1}} *{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/secretarchivesof00ambr/page/63 |title=The Secret Archives of the Vatican|first1=Maria Luisa|last1=Ambrosini|first2=Mary |last2=Willis|publisher=Barnes & Noble |year=1996|isbn=9780760701256}} <!-- B --> *{{cite book|last=Barasch|first=Moshe |title=Theories of Art: 1. From Plato to Winckelmann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fnZAAAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-19979-1}} *{{cite book|title=The Ecclesiastical History of the English People: The Greater Chronicle; Bede's Letter to Egbert|author=Bede|editor-first1=Judith|editor-last1=McClure|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=9780192838667|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalhi00bede_1}} <!-- C --> *{{cite book|last=Calvin|first=John|translator=Henry Beveridge|url=https://archive.org/details/institutesofchrbeve03calv/page/124/mode/2up|title=Institutes of the Christian Religion|date=1845|location=Edinburgh|volume=III|publisher=Calvin Translation Society}} *{{cite book |first=Norman F.|last=Cantor|author-link=Norman Cantor|title=The Civilization of the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/civilizationofmi00cant|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Harper|year=1993|isbn=9780060170332}} *{{cite book |editor-last=Cavadini|editor-first=John|title=Gregory the Great: A Symposium|location=Notre Dame|publisher=University of Notre Dame Press|year=1995}} *{{cite book|last=Champ|first=Judith F. |title=The English Pilgrimage to Rome: A Dwelling for the Soul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh1no5VRd-cC&pg=PR9|year=2000|publisher=Gracewing |isbn=978-0-85244-373-6}} *{{cite book|last=Chupungco|first=Anscar J. |title=Handbook for Liturgical Studies: Introduction to the liturgy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG1f9kuVBz0C&pg=PA17|year=1997|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-6161-1}} * {{cite journal |last=Clark|first =Francis |title=St. Gregory the Great, Theologian of Christian Experience |journal=American Benedictine Review |date=1988 |volume=39|issue=3 |pages=261–276}} *{{cite book|last1=Cross|first1=Frank Leslie |author-link1=Frank Leslie Cross|last2=Livingstone|first2=Elizabeth A. |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA710|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280290-3|chapter=Gregory I}} <!-- D --> * {{Cite book |last=Dagens|first=Claud|title=Saint Grégoire le Grand: Culture et expérience chrétiennes|location=Paris|publisher=Études augustiniennes|isbn=978-2851210166|year=1977}} *{{cite book|last=Deanesly|first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Deanesly |title=A History of the Medieval Church, 590-1500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bveVVnZ3vA4C|year=1969|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-03959-8}} *{{cite book|first=Adolphe Napoléon |last=Didron|title=Christian Iconography: Comprising the History of the Nimbus, the Aureole, and the Glory, the History of God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peUYAAAAYAAJ|year=1851|publisher=Henry G. Bohn}} *{{cite book |last=Demacopoulos|first=George E.|title=Gregory the Great: Ascetic, Pastor, and First Man of Rome|location=Notre Dame|publisher=University of Notre Dame Press|isbn=978-0268026219|year=2015}} *{{cite book |last=Dudden|first=Frederick Holmes|author-link= Frederick Homes Dudden|title=Gregory the Great: His Place in History and Thought (In Two Volumes)|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDg-AAAAYAAJ|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co|oclc= 502650100|location=London|year=1905}} <!-- E --> *{{cite book|last=Eden|first=Bradford L.|editor=Christopher Kleinhenz|title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT487|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94880-1|chapter=Gregory I, Pope}} *{{cite book |last= Ekonomou |first=Andrew J.|title=Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2007}} *{{cite book|last=Ellard|first=Gerald |title=Christian Life and Worship|url=https://archive.org/details/christianlifewor0000ella/page/122/mode/2up|year=1933|publisher=The Bruce Publishing Company}} <!-- F --> *{{cite book|chapter=Pope Gregory and the British: Mission as a Canonical Problem|first= Roy |last=Flechner |editor1= Hélène Bouget |editor2= Magali Coumert |title= En Marge, Histoires des Bretagnes 5 |location=Brest|date= 2015| pages=47–65|publisher= Université de Bretagne occidentale |hdl=10197/7383|isbn= 9791092331219 }} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Fontaine|editor-first=Jacques|title=Grégoire le Grand: Chantilly, Centre culturel Les Fontaines, 15–19 septembre 1982 : actes (Colloques internationaux du Centre national de la recherche scientifique)|location=Paris|publisher=Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique |isbn=978-2222039143|year=1986}} <!-- G --> *{{cite book|editor-first=Edmund G.|editor-last= Gardner|title=The Dialogues of Saint Gregory the Great: Re-edited with an Introduction and Notes|url=https://archive.org/details/dialoguesofsaint00greg/page/n9/mode/2up|year=1911|publisher=P. L. Warner|location=London}} *{{Cite CE1913| last =Gietmann| first =G.| wstitle =Nimbus|volume=11}} <!-- H --> *{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Pope St. Gregory I ("the Great")|volume=6|last=Huddleston|first= Gilbert}} *{{cite book|last1=Hunt|first1=William |last2=Poole|first2=Reginald Lane |title=The Political History of England ...: The history of England from the accession of Richard II to the death of Richard III, 1377-1485|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistor00poolgoog/page/n132/mode/2up|year=1905|publisher=Longmans, Green & Co}} <!-- L --> *{{cite book|last=Levy|first=Kenneth |title=Gregorian Chant and the Carolingians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dlhhy74e6ugC&pg=PA7|year=1998|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01733-6}} *{{cite book |last=Leyser|first=Conrad|title=Authority and Asceticism from Augustine to Gregory the Great|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=2000}} *{{cite journal|last1=Little|first1=Lester K.|title=Calvin's Appreciation of Gregory the Great|journal=Harvard Theological Review|volume=56|issue=2|year=1963|jstor=1508681|pages=145–157|issn=0017-8160|doi=10.1017/S0017816000021738|s2cid=164097334 }} *{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=Elizabeth A. |title=Studia Patristica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfVOuifv6xIC&pg=PA415|year=1997|publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-90-6831-868-5}} <!-- M --> *{{cite book|last=Maisch|first=Ingrid |title=Mary Magdalene: The Image of a Woman Through the Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8R1h7Te-cC&pg=PA156|year=1998|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-2471-5}} *{{cite book|last=Mann|first=Horace Kinder |title=The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/livespopesinear00manngoog/page/n364/mode/2up|volume=X|year=1914|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner}} *{{cite book |last=Markus|first=R.A.|title=Gregory the Great and His World|location=Cambridge|publisher=University Press|year=1997}} * {{Cite book |last=McGinn|first=Bernard|title=The Growth of Mysticism: Gregory the Great Through the 12 Century (The Presence of God) (v. 2)|location=New York|publisher=Crossroad|isbn=978-0824516284|year=1996}} * {{Cite book |last=McGinn Bernard|first=& McGinn Patricia Ferris|title=Early Christian Mystics: The Divine Vision of the Spiritual Masters|location=New York|publisher=Crossroad|isbn=978-0-8245-2106-6|year=2003}} *{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Servus servorum Dei|volume=13|first=Andrew B.|last=Meehan}} * {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=John Meyendorff|year=1989|title=Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.|series=The Church in history|volume=II|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88-141056-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite book |last=Moorhead|first=John|title=Gregory the Great |series=The Early Church Fathers|edition=1st |location=New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415233903|year=2005}} *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/gregorianchantte0000klar/page/3|first=Gregory |last=Murray|title=Gregorian Chant According to the Manuscripts|publisher=L. J. Cary & Co.|date= 1963}} <!-- R --> *{{cite book |first=Cristina|last=Ricci|title=Mysterium dispensationis. Tracce di una teologia della storia in Gregorio Magno|location=Rome|publisher=Centro Studi S. Anselmo|year=2002|language=it}}. Studia Anselmiana, volume 135. *{{cite book |last=Richards|first=Jeffrey|author-link=Jeffrey Richards|title=Consul of God|publisher=Routelege & Keatland Paul|location=London|year=1980}} *{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Miri |title=Corpus Christi: The Eucharist in Late Medieval Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MysXfB2ZdCAC&pg=PA308|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43805-6}} <!-- S --> * {{cite journal|author=Schreiner, Susan E. |title='Where Shall Wisdom Be Found?': Gregory's Interpretation of Job |journal=American Benedictine Review |date=1988 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=321–342}} *{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofchri01smit/page/549 |title=A dictionary of Christian antiquities: Comprising the History, Institutions, and Antiquities of the Christian Church, from the Time of the Apostles to the Age of Charlemagne|first1=William|last1=Smith|author1-link=William Smith (lexicographer)|first2=Samuel |last2=Cheetham |author2-link=Samuel Cheetham (priest) |publisher=J. Murray|year=1875}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=William |last2=Wace|first2=Henry |title=A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Literature, Sects and Doctrines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OU5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA415|volume=II Eaba – Hermocrates|year=1880|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|location=Boston}} *{{cite book|last=Squatriti|first=Paolo |title=Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy, AD 400-1000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKrhJ9BbMkkC&pg=PA54|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52206-9}} *{{cite book |last=Straw|first=Carole E.|author-link=Carole E. Straw|title=Gregory the Great: Perfection in Imperfection|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=1988}} <!--T --> *{{cite book |first=Joseph Henry|last=Thayer|title=Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament being Grimm's Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti Translated Revised and Enlarged|date=1962 |publisher=Zondervan |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan}} * {{cite book |last=Thornton|first=Father James|title=Made Perfect in Faith|publisher=Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies|location=Etna, California, US|year=2006|isbn=978-0-911165-60-9}} <!-- W --> * {{cite book |last=Weber|first=Leonhard|title=Hauptfragen der Moraltheologie Gregors des Grossen: Ein Bild Altchristlicher Lebensführung|publisher=Pauluscruckerei|location=Freiburg in der Schweiz|year=1947}} * {{cite journal|author=Wilken, Robert Louis |title=Interpreting Job Allegorically: The ''Moralia'' of Gregory the Great |journal=Pro Ecclesia |date=2001 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=213–226|doi=10.1177/106385120101000206 |s2cid=211965328 }} *{{cite book|last=Zuckermann|first=G. |author-link=Ghil'ad Zuckermann|title=Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DteHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA117|date= 2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-3869-5}} {{refend}}
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