Editing Political corruption (section)

==Opposition to corruption==
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{{Commons category|Anti-corruption|{{nowrap|Anti-corruption}}}}

[[Mobile telecommunications]] and [[radio broadcasting]] help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like [[Africa]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://voicesfromemergingmarkets.com/?p=19 |title=Mobile Phones and Radios Combat Corruption in Burundi – Voices from Emerging Markets |publisher=Voicesfromemergingmarkets.com |date=2009-03-12 |access-date=2009-11-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630142547/http://voicesfromemergingmarkets.com/?p=19 |archive-date=2009-06-30 }}</ref> where other forms of [[communication]]s are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called [[Jan Lokpal Bill]] is being prepared. In the 1990s, initiatives were taken at an international level (in particular by the [[European Community]], the [[Council of Europe]], the [[OECD]]) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/cm/Home_en.asp |title=Committee of Ministers – Home |publisher=Coe.int |access-date=2012-06-07}}</ref> for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and, subsequently, issued a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments:[[File:Protest Of President Park Geun Hye (191877143).jpeg|thumb|[[2016–2017 South Korean protests|Candlelight protest]] against South Korean President [[Park Geun-hye]] in [[Seoul]], South Korea, 7 January 2017]]
* the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173);<ref name="autogenerated1" />
* the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174);<ref name="conventions">{{cite web|url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=174&CM=1&DF=7/18/2008&CL=ENG |title=Criminal Law Convention on Corruption: CETS No. 174 |publisher=Conventions.coe.int |access-date=2012-12-01}}</ref>
* the Additional Protocol to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 191);<ref name="conventions_a">{{cite web|url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=191&CM=1&DF=7/18/2008&CL=ENG |title=Additional Protocol to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption: CETS No. 191 |publisher=Conventions.coe.int |access-date=2012-12-01}}</ref>
* the Twenty Guiding Principles for the Fight against Corruption (Resolution (97) 24);<ref name="coe.int">{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/documents/Resolution(97)24_EN.pdf |title=Council of Europe: Resolution (97) 24: On the Twenty Guiding Principles for the Fight Against Corruption |publisher=Coe.int |access-date=2012-12-01}}</ref>
* the Recommendation on Codes of Conduct for Public Officials (Recommendation No. R (2000) 10);<ref name="Rec 2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/documents/Rec(2000)10_EN.pdf |title=Recommendation No. R (2000) 10 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Codes of Conduct for Public Officials |publisher=Coe.int |access-date=2012-12-01}}</ref>
* the Recommendation on Common Rules against Corruption in the Funding of Political Parties and Electoral Campaigns (Rec(2003)4)<ref name="Rec 2003">{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/general/Rec(2003)4_EN.pdf |title=Recommendation No. R (2003) 4 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Common Rules against Corruption |publisher=Coe.int |access-date=2012-12-01}}</ref>

The purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and principles provided in those texts, a monitoring mechanism – the [[Group of States Against Corruption]] (also known as GRECO) (French: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption) was created. Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS or OEA), the [[African Union]], and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the [[United Nations Convention against Corruption]] where it is enabled with mutual legal assistance between the states parties regarding investigations, processes and judicial actions related to corruption crimes, as established in article 46.