Editing Organ transplantation (section)

== Organ transplantation by region ==
Some estimates of the number of transplants performed in various regions of the world have been derived from the [[Global Burden of Disease Study]].<ref name="Whit2014" />

[[File:WHO Organ Tranplant.png|center|800px|Distribution of solid organ transplantation activity, by region used in the Global Burden of Disease Study, 2006–2011<ref name="Whit2014">{{cite journal|last1=White|first1=SL|last2=Hirth|first2=R|last3=Mahíllo|first3=B|last4=Domínguez-Gil|first4=B|last5=Delmonico|first5=FL|last6=Noel|first6=L|last7=Chapman|first7=J|last8=Matesanz|first8=R|last9=Carmona|first9=M|last10=Alvarez|first10=M|last11=Núñez|first11=JR|last12=Leichtman|first12=A|title=The global diffusion of organ transplantation: trends, drivers and policy implications.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=1 November 2014|volume=92|issue=11|pages=826–35|pmid=25378744|doi=10.2471/BLT.14.137653|pmc=4221768}}</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"
|+Transplantation of organs in different regions in 2000<ref>{{cite web|title=The Transplantation Society|url=http://www.transplantation-soc.org/globalalliance.php#6a|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109083819/http://www.transplantation-soc.org/globalalliance.php#6a|archive-date=9 November 2004}}</ref>
|-
|
| '''Kidney'''
'''(pmp*)'''
| '''Liver'''
'''(pmp)'''
| '''Heart'''
'''(pmp)'''
|-
| '''United States'''
| 52
| 19
| 8
|-
| '''Europe'''
| 27
| 10
| 4
|-
| '''Africa'''
| 11
| 3.5
| 1
|-
| '''Asia'''
| 3
| 0.3
| 0.03
|-
| '''Latin America'''
| 13
| 1.6
| 0.5
|-
|<small>{{asterisk}}All numbers per million population</small>
|
|
|
|}
According to the [[Council of Europe]], Spain through the [[Spanish Transplant Organization]] shows the highest worldwide rate of 35.1<ref name="COE35.1">{{cite web |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/health/Source/2006transplantNWSLTTR_en.pdf |title=Deceased Organ Donors, Annual Rate (p. m. p.) Europe |page=4}}</ref><ref name="ONT35.1">{{cite web |publisher=[[Organización Nacional de Transplantes]] |url=http://www.ont.es/Estadistica?accion=3&id_estadistica=24&posicion=1 |title=Donantes de órganos en España. Número total y tasa anual (p. m. p.) |trans-title=Organ Donors in Spain. Total number and annual rate (p. m. p.)}}{{dead link|date=December 2010}} {{link note|note=I wasn't sure about this – but I'm pretty sure [http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/health/Source/2006transplantNWSLTTR_en.pdf this] already supports our claim. This link is "dead cold" – archive.is, WayBack, WebCite, etc.}}</ref> donors per million population in 2005 and 33.8<!-- [This was the old URL; I'm pretty sure it was some sort of re-publication of the original. everything (publisher, title, web address, etc.) is the same]: http://www.ont.es/NotasPrensa?cerrar=no&accion=0&id_nota=20{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} --><ref name="ONT33.8">{{cite web |publisher=Transplant Commission of the [[Council of Europe]] |url=http://www.ont.es/prensa/NotasDePrensa/DonacionOrganosMundo.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915052644/http://www.ont.es/prensa/NotasDePrensa/DonacionOrganosMundo.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2011 |title=La ONT estima en 94.500 los transplantes de órganos solidos realizados en 2006 en todo el mundo |trans-title=The ONT estimated 94,500 solid organ transplants performed in 2006 worldwide |language=es |date=28 August 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> in 2006. In 2011, it was 35.3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agenciasinc.es/Noticias/Espana-alcanza-un-record-historico-de-trasplantes-en-2011 |title=España alcanza un récord histórico de trasplantes en 2011 / Noticias / SINC |trans-title=Spain achieved a new record of transplants in 2011 / News / SINC |work=Agenciasinc.es |access-date=24 December 2013 |language=es|date=2012-01-10 }}</ref>

In addition to the citizens waiting for organ transplants in the US and other developed nations, there are long waiting lists in the rest of the world. More than 2 million people need organ transplants in China, 50,000 waiting in Latin America (90% of whom are waiting for kidneys), as well as thousands more in the less documented continent of Africa. Donor bases vary in developing nations.

In '''Latin America''' the donor rate is 40–100 per million per year, similar to that of developed countries.  However, in Uruguay, Cuba, and Chile, 90% of organ transplants came from cadaveric donors.  Cadaveric donors represent 35% of donors in Saudi Arabia. 

There is continuous effort to increase the utilization of cadaveric donors in '''Asia'''. However, the popularity of living, single kidney donors in India yields a cadaveric donor prevalence of less than 1 per million population. India has a very low donation rate, as compared to the world average, despite the fact, that it ranks third among the countries with largest transplantation activities.<ref name="Reddy2025">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reddy MS, Varghese J, Mathur SK |title= Deceased Donor Program in India: Listing and Allocation Practices and the Legal Process With Respect to Liver Transplantation |journal= J Clin Exp Hepatol |date=January–February 2025 | volume = 15| issue = 1|pages=10.1016/j.jceh.2024.102408
|doi= 10.1016/j.jceh.2024.102408 |pmid=39391323|pmc= 11462184 |pmc-embargo-date= January 1, 2026 | url=https://www.jcehepatology.com/article/S0973-6883(24)01075-2/abstract|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Traditionally, '''Muslims''' believe body desecration in life or death to be forbidden, and thus many reject organ transplant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ramadhanfoundation.com/organ.htm |title=Prime Minister Organ Donation Compulsion Will Affect Muslims |publisher=Ramadhan Foundation |date=13 January 2008 |access-date=24 December 2013}}</ref> However most Muslim authorities nowadays accept the practice if another life will be saved.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uktransplant.org.uk/ukt/how_to_become_a_donor/religious_perspectives/leaflets/islam_and_organ_donation.jsp |title=Islam and Organ Donation |quote=These institutes all call upon Muslims to donate organs for transplantation:the Shariah Academy of the Organisation of Islamic Conference (representing all Muslim countries), the Grand Ulema Council of Saudi Arabia, the Iranian Religious Authority, the Al-Azhar Academy of Egypt |access-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311213135/http://www.uktransplant.org.uk/ukt/how_to_become_a_donor/religious_perspectives/leaflets/islam_and_organ_donation.jsp |archive-date=11 March 2012}}</ref> As an example, it may be assumed in countries such as [[Singapore]] with a cosmopolitan populace that includes [[Muslims]], a special [[Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura]] governing body is formed to look after the interests of Singapore's Muslim community over issues that includes their burial arrangements.

Organ transplantation in '''Singapore''' is generally overseen by the [[National Organ Transplant Unit]] of the [[Ministry of Health (Singapore)]].<ref name="NOTU">{{cite web|title=National Organ Transplant Unit|url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/policies-and-issues/human_organ_transplantacthota/National_Organ_Transplant_Unit.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308232811/http://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/policies-and-issues/human_organ_transplantacthota/National_Organ_Transplant_Unit.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 March 2012|publisher=Ministry of Health, Singapore|access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> Due to a diversity in mindsets and religious viewpoints, while Muslims on this island are generally not expected to donate their organs even upon death, youth in Singapore are educated on the [[Human Organ Transplant Act]] at the age of 18, which is around the age of military conscription. The Organ Donor Registry maintains two types of information, firstly people of Singapore that donate their organs or bodies for transplantation, research or education upon their death, under the [[Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act]] (MTERA),<ref name="MTERAopt-inscheme">{{cite web|title=The Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act (MTERA)|url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/legislation/legislation_and_guidelines/the_medical_therapyeducationandresearchactmtera.html|publisher=Ministry of Health, Singapore|access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> and secondly people that object to the removal of kidneys, liver, heart and corneas upon death for the purpose of transplantation, under the [[Human Organ Transplant Act]] (HOTA).<ref name="HOTA">{{cite web|title=Human Organ Transplant Act|url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/legislation/legislation_and_guidelines/human_organ_transplantact.html|publisher=Ministry of Health, Singapore|access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> The Live On social awareness movement is also formed to educate Singaporeans on organ donation.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Live On|url=https://www.liveon.sg/content/moh_liveon/en/general.html|website=Live On|publisher=Ministry of Health, Singapore|access-date=22 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305001243/https://www.liveon.sg/content/moh_liveon/en/general.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Organ transplantation in China|Organ transplantation in '''China''']] has taken place since the 1960s, and China has one of the largest transplant programmes in the world, peaking at over 13,000 transplants a year by 2004.<ref name="Lancet">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huang J, Mao Y, Millis JM |title=Government policy and organ transplantation in China |journal=The Lancet |volume=372 |issue=9654 |pages=1937–38 |date=December 2008 |pmid=18930537 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61359-8 |s2cid=40294107 |url=http://www.thelancetglobalhealthnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/Health-System-Reform-in-China-CMT-11.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717010334/http://www.thelancetglobalhealthnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/Health-System-Reform-in-China-CMT-11.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref> Organ donation, however, is against Chinese tradition and culture,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.dafoh.org/Article_by_Dr.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201090050/http://www.dafoh.org/Article_by_Dr.php |archive-date=1 December 2008 |title= The Falun Gong, organ transplantation, the holocaust and ourselves|date=March 2007 |access-date=21 May 2010 |author=Tom Treasure |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=100 |pages=119–21 |pmid=17339305 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/014107680710000308 |pmc=1809171}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIlDmNVlHlAC&pg=PA238 |title=Autonomy and Human Rights in Health Care: An International Perspective |page=238 |publisher=Springer |access-date=21 May 2010 |isbn=978-1-4020-5840-0 |year= 2007 |editor1=David N. Weisstub |editor2=Guillermo Díaz Pintos}}</ref> and involuntary organ donation is illegal under Chinese law.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1411389.stm |title=China fury at organ snatching 'lies' |work=BBC News |access-date=21 May 2010 |date=28 June 2001}}</ref> China's transplant programme attracted the attention of international [[news media]] in the 1990s due to ethical concerns about the [[organ (anatomy)|organs]] and [[tissue (biology)|tissue]] removed from the corpses of executed criminals being commercially traded.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www1.american.edu/ted/prisonorgans.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010419180239/http://www.american.edu/TED/prisonorgans.htm |archive-date=19 April 2001 |title=Illegal Human Organ Trade from Executed Prisoners in China |publisher=American University Washington D.C. |access-date=9 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="icrc">{{cite web |url=http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList302/87DC95FCA3C3D63EC1256B66005B3F6C |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230190525/http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList302/87DC95FCA3C3D63EC1256B66005B3F6C |archive-date=30 December 2005 |title=The Bellagio Task Force Report on Transplantation, Bodily Integrity, and the International Traffic in Organs |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross |work=Icrc.org |access-date=14 June 2010}}</ref> In 2006 it became clear that about 41,500 organs had been sourced from Falun Gong practitioners in China since 2000.<ref name="orgharv" />

With regard to [[organ transplantation in Israel|organ transplantation in '''Israel''']], there is a severe organ shortage due to religious objections by some rabbis who oppose all organ donations and others who advocate that a rabbi participate in all decision making regarding a particular donor{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}. One-third of all heart transplants performed on Israelis are done in China; others are done in Europe. Dr. Jacob Lavee, head of the heart-transplant unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, believes that "transplant tourism" is unethical and Israeli insurers should not pay for it. The organization HODS (Halachic Organ Donor Society) is working to increase knowledge and participation in organ donation among Jews throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hods.org/English/about/faqhods.asp |title=Frequently Asked Questions about the Halachic Organ Donor (HOD) Society |work=Hods.org |date=14 March 2007 |access-date=17 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630065826/http://www.hods.org/English/about/faqhods.asp |archive-date=30 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Transplantation rates also differ based on race, sex, and income. A study done with people beginning long term dialysis showed that the sociodemographic barriers to renal transplantation present themselves even before patients are on the transplant list.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1001/jama.280.13.1148 |pmid=9777814 |vauthors=Alexander GC, Sehgal AR |title=Barriers to cadaveric renal transplantation among blacks, women, and the poor |journal=[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] |volume=280 |issue=13 |pages=1148–52 |date=October 1998|doi-access=free }}</ref> For example, different groups express definite interest and complete pretransplant workup at different rates. Previous efforts to create fair transplantation policies had focused on people currently on the transplantation waiting list.

In the '''United States''', nearly 35,000 organ transplants were done in 2017, a 3.4 percent increase over 2016. About 18 percent of these were from living donors – people who gave one kidney or a part of their liver to someone else. But 115,000 Americans remain on waiting lists for organ transplants.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/good-news/2017-was-a-record-year-for-organ-donations/ar-BBIaSb2 | title=2017 was a record year for organ donations | website=[[MSN]] | access-date=5 February 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112100913/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/good-news/2017-was-a-record-year-for-organ-donations/ar-BBIaSb2 | archive-date=12 January 2018 | url-status=dead}}</ref> By September 2022, the US had reached one million organ transplants overall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=saramoriarty |date=2022-09-09 |title=U.S. reaches historic milestone of 1 million transplants |url=https://unos.org/news/u-s-reaches-1-million-transplants/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=UNOS |language=en-US}}</ref>