Editing Oligopoly (section)

== Examples ==
Many industries have been cited as oligopolistic, including [[civil aviation]],<ref name=Gama>{{cite journal | doi=10.1162/glep_r_00522 | title=Regulating the Polluters: Markets and Strategies for Protecting the Global Environment. Ovodenko, Alexander. 2017. New York, NY: Oxford University Press | year=2019 | last1=Gama | first1=Adriana | journal=Global Environmental Politics | volume=19 | issue=3 | pages=143–145 | s2cid=211331231 | doi-access=free }}</ref> agricultural [[pesticide]]s,<ref name=Gama/> [[electricity]],<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.ejor.2019.07.054 | title=Equilibria in investment and spot electricity markets: A conjectural-variations approach | year=2020 | last1=Mousavian | first1=Seyedamirabbas | last2=Conejo | first2=Antonio J. | last3=Sioshansi | first3=Ramteen | journal=European Journal of Operational Research | volume=281 | pages=129–140 | s2cid=201247793 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Lee>Woohyung Lee, Tohru Naito & Ki-Dong Lee, [https://ideas.repec.org/a/kea/keappr/ker-20171231-33-2-03.html Effects of Mixed Oligopoly and Emission Taxes on the Market and Environment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805211501/https://ideas.repec.org/a/kea/keappr/ker-20171231-33-2-03.html |date=5 August 2020 }}, ''Korean Economic Review'', Vol. 33, No. 2, Winter 2017, pp. 267-294: "we have witnessed mixed oligopolistic markets in a broad range of industries, such as oil, electricity, telecommunications, and power plants that emit pollutants during their respective production processes".</ref> and [[platinum group metal]] mining.<ref name=EricssonTegen>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s13563-015-0076-x | title=Global PGM mining during 40 years—a stable corporate landscape of oligopolistic control | year=2016 | last1=Ericsson | first1=Magnus | last2=Tegen | first2=Andreas | journal=Mineral Economics | volume=29 | pages=29–36 | s2cid=256205135 }}</ref> In most countries, the [[telecommunications]] sector is characterized by an oligopolistic market structure.<ref name=Lee/><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1051/e3sconf/202015903003  |quote=It is considered that the telecommunications market has an oligopolistic structure in most countries. |title=Efficiency of price competition in the telecommunications market |year=2020 |last1=Borodin |first1=Alex |last2=Zholamanova |first2=Makpal |last3=Panaedova |first3=Galina |last4=Frumina |first4=Svetlana |journal=E3S Web of Conferences |volume=159 |page=03003 |bibcode=2020E3SWC.15903003B |s2cid=216529663 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Europe ===

In the [[European Union]], [[rail freight]] markets have an oligopolistic structure.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3141/2609-04|quote=most of the rail freight markets still have an oligopolistic structure... |title=Application of the Principles of Energy Exchanges to the Rail Freight Sector |year=2017 |last1=Jain |first1=Anuradha |last2=Bruckmann |first2=Dirk |journal=Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board |volume=2609 |pages=28–35 |s2cid=115709002 }}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
In the United Kingdom, the 'Big Four' [[Supermarket|supermarket chains]] - [[Tesco]], [[Asda]], [[Sainsbury's]] and [[Morrisons]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wood |first=Zoe |date=2022-09-17 |title='Big four no more': where now for UK grocers as Aldi overtakes Morrisons? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/sep/17/big-four-uk-grocers-aldi-morrisons-cost-of-living-crisis |access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> - is an oligopoly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Supermarket Oligopoly: Definition, Analysis & Examples |url=https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/microeconomics/microeconomics-examples/uk-supermarket-oligopoly/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=StudySmarter UK |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224182504/https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/microeconomics/microeconomics-examples/uk-supermarket-oligopoly/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The development of this oligopoly is believed to have resulted in a reduction of competition in the retail sector, coincides with the decline of independent [[High Street|high street retailers]], and may also be affecting suppliers and farmers through [[monopsony]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-20 |title=The supermarket sector |url=https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/business_economics/supermarkets.html/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Economics Online |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224182504/https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/business_economics/supermarkets.html/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== North America ===

==== Canada ====
{{See also|Big Five banks of Canada}}
In Canada, [[List of supermarket chains in Canada|supermarkets]] have been identified as oligopolistic, largely falling under only three chains.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Padraig |first1=Moran |title=Soaring food prices, record profits prompt questions about Canada's 'cosy oligopoly' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/canada-food-price-profits-1.6629854 |website=www.cbc.ca |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="riegler-wealthsimple">{{cite web |last1=Rieger |first1=Sarah |title=Is Canada Just Three Monopolies in a Trench Coat? |url=https://www.wealthsimple.com/en-ca/magazine/canada-monopolies |website=www.wealthsimple.com |publisher=[[Wealthsimple Magazine]] |access-date=19 September 2023 |language=en |date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020034343/https://www.wealthsimple.com/en-ca/magazine/canada-monopolies |url-status=live }}</ref> Other industries identified as oligopolistic include [[Banking in Canada|banks]], [[Telecommunications in Canada|telecommunications]], and [[airlines]].<ref name="riegler-wealthsimple" />

==== United States ====
In the United States, industries that have identified as oligopolistic include [[food processing]],<ref name="LopezHeAzzam">{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/1477-9552.12219 | title=Stochastic Frontier Estimation of Market Power in the Food Industries | year=2018 | last1=Lopez | first1=Rigoberto A. | last2=He | first2=Xi | last3=Azzam | first3=Azzeddine | journal=Journal of Agricultural Economics | volume=69 | pages=3–17 }}</ref> [[funeral service]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lares |first1=Jennifer DiCamillo |last2=Lehenbauer |first2=Kruti |title=Funeral Services: The Silent Oligopoly: An Exploration of the Funeral Industry in the United States |journal=RAIS Journal for Social Sciences |date=21 November 2019 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=18–28 |url=https://journal.rais.education/index.php/raiss/article/view/72}}</ref> [[sugar refining]],<ref>Alfred S. Eichner, ''The Emergence of Oligopoly: Sugar Refining as a Case Study'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019).</ref> [[beer|beer making]],<ref>Nathan H. Miller, Gloria Sheu & Matthew C. Weinberg, [https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_events/1494697/weinbergmillersheu.pdf Oligopolistic Price Leadership and Mergers: The United States Beer Industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521142839/https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_events/1494697/weinbergmillersheu.pdf |date=21 May 2020 }} (14 June 2019).</ref> [[Paper industry|pulp and paper making]],<ref>Eddie Watkins, [https://econ.unc.edu/files/2018/10/Watkins-Recycling-Comp.pdf The Dynamic Effects of Recycling on Oligopoly Competition: Evidence from the US Paper Industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805233540/https://econ.unc.edu/files/2018/10/Watkins-Recycling-Comp.pdf |date=5 August 2020 }} (29 Oct 2018).</ref> [[Mobile network operator|mobile network carriers]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hazlett |first=Thomas W. |last2=Crandall |first2=Robert W. |date=2024 |title=No “Cozy Triopoly” |url=https://www.cato.org/regulation/summer-2024/no-cozy-triopoly#consolidation-of-the-wireless-industry |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.cato.org}}</ref>