Editing Neo-Nazism (section)

==== Germany ====
{{Further|Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)}}
[[File:Nationale sozialisten leipzig recht auf zukunft.jpg|thumb|Neo-Nazi demonstration in [[Leipzig]], Germany, in October 2009]]
Following the failure of the [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] in the [[West German federal election, 1969|election of 1969]], small groups committed to the revival of Nazi ideology began to emerge in Germany. The NPD splintered, giving rise to paramilitary ''Wehrsportgruppe''. These groups attempted to organize under a national umbrella organization, the [[Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists]].<ref name=virchow>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/0031322032000185587 |title=The groupuscularization of neo-Nazism in Germany: The case of the Aktionsbüro Norddeutschland |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=38 |pages=56–70 |year=2004 |last1=Virchow |first1=Fabian|issue=1 |s2cid=143578391 }}</ref> Neo-Nazi movements in [[East Germany]] began as a rebellion against the Communist regime; the banning of Nazi symbols helped neo-Nazism to develop as an [[anti-authoritarian]] youth movement.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3167/ej.2000.330206 |title=Issues Surrounding the Development of the Neo-Nazi Scene in East Berlin |journal=European Judaism |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=45–50 |year=2000 |last1=Brothers |first1=Eric}}</ref> Mail order networks developed to send illegal Nazi-themed music [[Compact Cassette|cassette]]s and merchandise to Germany.<ref>{{Cite news| title = A cultural history of neo-Nazi rock| access-date = 2018-11-12| url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/music/a-cultural-history-of-neo-nazi-rock/article4468118/| archive-date = 9 June 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200609083115/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/music/a-cultural-history-of-neo-nazi-rock/article4468118/| url-status = live}}</ref>

[[Turks in Germany]] have been victims of neo-Nazi violence on several occasions. In 1992, two young girls were killed in the [[Mölln arson attack]] along with their grandmother; nine others were injured.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Turkish victims killed by Neo-Nazis in 1992 Mölln attack remembered in Germany| work = DailySabah| date = 23 November 2017| access-date = 2018-11-11| url = https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2017/11/23/turkish-victims-killed-by-neo-nazis-in-1992-molln-attack-remembered-in-germany| archive-date = 12 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181112021707/https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2017/11/23/turkish-victims-killed-by-neo-nazis-in-1992-molln-attack-remembered-in-germany| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last = Welle| first = Deutsche| date = 2012-11-22| title = Neo-Nazi fire attack still smolders 20 years on| work = [[Deutsche Welle]]| access-date = 2018-11-11| url = https://www.dw.com/en/neo-nazi-fire-attack-still-smolders-20-years-on/a-16399158| archive-date = 23 November 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171123175424/https://www.dw.com/en/neo-nazi-fire-attack-still-smolders-20-years-on/a-16399158| url-status = live}}</ref> In 1993, five Turks were killed in the [[1993 Solingen arson attack|Solingen arson attack]].<ref>{{Cite web| last = Zeller| first = Frank| title = Tense Germany, Turkey mark deadly 1993 neo-Nazi attack| website = [[The Times of Israel]]| access-date = 2018-11-11| url = https://www.timesofisrael.com/tense-germany-turkey-mark-deadly-1993-neo-nazi-attack/| archive-date = 12 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181112022252/https://www.timesofisrael.com/tense-germany-turkey-mark-deadly-1993-neo-nazi-attack/| url-status = live}}</ref> In response to the fire Turkish youth in Solingen rioted chanting "Nazis out!" and "We want Nazi blood". In other parts of Germany police had to intervene to protect [[skinhead]]s from assault.<ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0190-8286| title = Turks Riot, Set Fires in Germany| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]| access-date = 2018-11-11| date = 1993-06-01| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/06/01/turks-riot-set-fires-in-germany/f3f4f33e-9276-4886-a007-41237050115c/| archive-date = 12 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181112021647/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/06/01/turks-riot-set-fires-in-germany/f3f4f33e-9276-4886-a007-41237050115c/| url-status = live}}</ref> The [[Hoyerswerda riots]] and [[Rostock-Lichtenhagen riots]] targeting migrants and ethnic minorities living in Germany also took place during the 1990s.<ref name=virchow />

Between 2000 and 2007, eight Turkish immigrants, one [[Greeks in Germany|Greek German]] and a German policewoman were murdered by the neo-Nazi [[National Socialist Underground]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = Turkey awaits justice for neo-Nazi group victims: Envoy – Turkey News| work = Hürriyet Daily News| date = 8 July 2018| access-date = 2018-11-11| url = https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-awaits-justice-for-neo-nazi-group-victims-envoy-134304| archive-date = 12 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181112101246/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-awaits-justice-for-neo-nazi-group-victims-envoy-134304| url-status = live}}</ref> The NSU has its roots in the former East German area of [[Thuringia]], which ''[[The Guardian]]'' identified as "one of the heartlands of Germany's radical right". The German intelligence services have been criticized for extravagant distributions of cash to informants within the far-right movement. Tino Brandt publicly boasted on television that he had received around €100,000 in funding from the German state. Though Brandt did not give the state "useful information", the funding supported recruitment efforts in Thuringia during the early 1990s. (Brandt was eventually sentenced to five and a half years in prison on for 66 counts of [[child prostitution]] and [[child sexual abuse]]).<ref name=meaney />

Police were only able to locate the killers when they were tipped off following a botched bank robbery in [[Eisenach]]. As the police closed in on them, the two men committed suicide. They had evaded capture for 13 years. [[Beate Zschäpe]], who had been living with the two men in [[Zwickau]], turned herself in to the German authorities a few days later. Zschäpe's trial began in May 2013; she was charged with nine counts of murder. She pleaded "not guilty". According to ''The Guardian'', the NSU may have enjoyed protection and support from certain "elements of the state". [[Anders Behring Breivik]], a fan of Zschäpe's, reportedly sent her a letter from prison in 2012.<ref name=meaney>{{Cite news| issn = 0261-3077| last1 = Meaney| first1 = Thomas| last2 = Schäfer| first2 = Saskia| title = The neo-Nazi murder trial revealing Germany's darkest secrets| work = The Guardian| access-date = 2018-11-12| date = 2016-12-15| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/15/neo-nazi-murders-revealing-germanys-darkest-secrets| archive-date = 2 September 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180902214956/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/15/neo-nazi-murders-revealing-germanys-darkest-secrets| url-status = live}}</ref>

According to the annual report of Germany's interior intelligence service (Verfassungsschutz) for 2012, at the time there were 26,000 right-wing extremists living in Germany, including 6,000 neo-Nazis.<ref>[https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/publikationen/verfassungsschutzberichte/vsbericht-2012 Verfassungsschutzbericht 2012.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321183652/https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/publikationen/verfassungsschutzberichte/vsbericht-2012 |date=21 March 2015}} Federal Ministry of the Interior.</ref> In January 2020, Combat 18 was banned in Germany, and raids directed against the organization were made across the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51219274 |title=Germany bans Combat 18 as police raid neo-Nazi group |publisher=BBC News |date=2020-01-23 |access-date=2020-03-20 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127003202/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51219274 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2020, United German Peoples and Tribes, which is part of [[Reichsbürger movement|Reichsbürger]], a neo-Nazi movement that rejects the German state as a legal entity, was raided by the German police.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51961069 |title=German police raid neo-Nazi Reichsbürger movement nationwide |publisher=BBC News |date=2020-03-19 |access-date=2020-03-20 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319152421/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51961069 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Holocaust denial]] is a crime, according to the German Criminal Code ([[Strafgesetzbuch § 86a]]) and [[Laws against Holocaust denial#Germany|§ 130 (public incitement)]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}