Editing Metabolic syndrome (section)

==History==
In 1921, Joslin first reported the association of diabetes with hypertension and hyperuricemia.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Joslin E |year=1921 |title=The Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus |journal=JAMA |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=79–84 |doi=10.1001/jama.1921.02630020001001}}</ref>
In 1923, Kylin reported additional studies on the above triad.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kylin E |date=1923 |title=[Studies of the hypertension-hyperglycemia-hyperuricemia syndrome] |journal=Zentralbl Inn Med |language=German |volume=44 |pages=105–27}}</ref>
In 1947, Vague observed that upper body obesity appeared to predispose to [[diabetes]], [[atherosclerosis]], [[gout]] and [[Calculus (medicine)|calculi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vague J |date=1947 |title=La diffférenciacion sexuelle, facteur déterminant des formes de l'obésité. |journal=Presse Med |volume=30 |pages=339–40}}</ref>
In the late 1950s, the term metabolic syndrome was first used.

In 1967, Avogadro, Crepaldi and coworkers described six moderately obese people with diabetes, [[hypercholesterolemia]], and marked [[hypertriglyceridemia]], all of which improved when the affected people were put on a hypocaloric, low-carbohydrate diet.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Avogaro P, Crepaldi G, Enzi G, Tiengo A |year=1967 |title=Associazione di iperlipemia, diabete mellito e obesita' di medio grado |trans-title=Association of hyperlipemia, diabetes mellitus and middle-degree obesity |journal=Acta Diabetologica Latina |language=it |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=572–90 |doi=10.1007/BF01544100 |s2cid=25839940}}</ref>
In 1977, Haller used the term ''metabolic syndrome'' for associations of obesity, diabetes mellitus, [[hyperlipoproteinemia]], [[hyperuricemia]], and [[hepatic steatosis]] when describing the additive effects of risk factors on atherosclerosis.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haller H |date=April 1977 |title=[Epidermiology and associated risk factors of hyperlipoproteinemia] |journal=Zeitschrift für Sie Gesamte Innere Medizin und Ihre Grenzgebiete |volume=32 |issue=8 |pages=124–28 |pmid=883354}}</ref>
The same year, Singer used the term for associations of obesity, gout, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension with hyperlipoproteinemia.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singer P |date=May 1977 |title=[Diagnosis of primary hyperlipoproteinemias] |journal=Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Innere Medizin und Ihre Grenzgebiete |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=129–33 |pmid=906591}}</ref>
In 1977 and 1978, Gerald B. Phillips developed the concept that risk factors for [[myocardial infarction]] concur to form a "constellation of abnormalities" (i.e., [[glucose intolerance]], [[hyperinsulinemia]], [[hypercholesterolemia]], [[hypertriglyceridemia]], and hypertension) associated not only with heart disease, but also with aging, obesity and other clinical states. He suggested there must be an underlying linking factor, the identification of which could lead to the prevention of cardiovascular disease; he hypothesized that this factor was [[sex hormones]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Phillips GB |date=July 1978 |title=Sex hormones, risk factors and cardiovascular disease |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=7–11 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(78)90685-X |pmid=356599}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Phillips GB |date=April 1977 |title=Relationship between serum sex hormones and glucose, insulin and lipid abnormalities in men with myocardial infarction |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=1729–33 |bibcode=1977PNAS...74.1729P |doi=10.1073/pnas.74.4.1729 |pmc=430867 |pmid=193114 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
In 1988, in his [[Banting Lectures|Banting lecture]], [[Gerald M. Reaven]] proposed insulin resistance as the underlying factor and named the constellation of abnormalities syndrome X. Reaven did not include abdominal obesity, which has also been hypothesized as the underlying factor, as part of the condition.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reaven GM |date=December 1988 |title=Banting lecture 1989. Role of insulin resistance in human disease |journal=Diabetes |volume=37 |issue=12 |pages=1595–607 |doi=10.2337/diabetes.37.12.1595 |pmid=3056758}}</ref>