Editing Medicaid (section)

=== Mortality and disability reduction ===
A 2021 study found that Medicaid expansion as part of the Affordable Care Act led to a substantial reduction in mortality, primarily driven by reductions in disease-related deaths.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Sarah|last2=Johnson|first2=Norman|last3=Wherry|first3=Laura R|date=2021|title=Medicaid and Mortality: New Evidence from Linked Survey and Administrative Data*|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|volume=136|issue=3|pages=1783–1829|doi=10.1093/qje/qjab004|issn=0033-5533|doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2018 study in the ''[[Journal of Political Economy]]'' found that upon its introduction, Medicaid reduced infant and child mortality in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Goodman-Bacon |first1=Andrew |title=Public Insurance and Mortality: Evidence from Medicaid Implementation |journal=Journal of Political Economy |date=February 2018 |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=216–262 |doi=10.1086/695528 |s2cid=158783532 |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~ajgb/medicaid_ajgb.pdf |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212175938/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~ajgb/medicaid_ajgb.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The decline in the mortality rate for nonwhite children was particularly steep.<ref name=":2" /> A 2018 study in the ''American Journal of Public Health'' found that the infant mortality rate declined in states that had Medicaid expansions (as part of the Affordable Care Act) whereas the rate rose in states that declined Medicaid expansion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhatt |first1=Chintan B. |last2=Beck-Sagué |first2=Consuelo M. |title=Medicaid Expansion and Infant Mortality in the United States |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=April 2018 |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=565–7 |pmid=29346003 |pmc=5844390 |doi=10.2105/ajph.2017.304218 }}</ref> A 2020 ''JAMA'' study found that Medicaid expansion under the ACA was associated with reduced incidence of advanced-stage breast cancer, indicating that Medicaid accessibility led to early detection of breast cancer and higher survival rates.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Blanc|first1=Justin M. Le|last2=Heller|first2=Danielle R.|last3=Friedrich|first3=Ann|last4=Lannin|first4=Donald R.|last5=Park|first5=Tristen S.|date=2020-07-01|title=Association of Medicaid Expansion Under the Affordable Care Act With Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis|url= |journal=JAMA Surgery|language=en|volume=155|issue=8|pages=752–758|doi=10.1001/jamasurg.2020.1495|pmc=7330827|pmid=32609338}}</ref> A 2020 study found no evidence that Medicaid expansion adversely affected the quality of health care given to Medicare recipients.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carey|first1=Colleen M.|last2=Miller|first2=Sarah|last3=Wherry|first3=Laura R.|date=2020|title=The Impact of Insurance Expansions on the Already Insured: The Affordable Care Act and Medicare|url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.20190176|journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=288–318|doi=10.1257/app.20190176|s2cid=225044690|issn=1945-7782}}</ref> A 2018 study found that Medicaid expansions in [[New York (state)|New York]], Arizona, and Maine in the early 2000s caused a 6% decline in the mortality rate: "HIV-related mortality (affected by the recent introduction of antiretrovirals) accounted for 20% of the effect. Mortality changes were closely linked to county-level coverage gains, with one life saved annually for every 239 to 316 adults gaining insurance. The results imply a cost per life saved ranging from $327,000 to $867,000 which compares favorably with most estimates of the value of a statistical life."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sommers|first1=Benjamin D.|date=July 2017|title=State Medicaid Expansions and Mortality, Revisited: A Cost-Benefit Analysis|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/27305958/1/Mcaid%20Mortality%20Revisited%20DASH%20Version.pdf|journal=American Journal of Health Economics|volume=3|issue=3|pages=392–421|doi=10.1162/ajhe_a_00080|s2cid=53488456}}</ref>

A 2016 paper found that Medicaid has substantial positive long-term effects on the health of recipients: "Early childhood Medicaid eligibility reduces mortality and disability and, for whites, increases extensive margin labor supply, and reduces receipt of disability transfer programs and public health insurance up to 50 years later. Total income does not change because earnings replace disability benefits."<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Goodman-Bacon|first1=Andrew|date=December 2016|title=The Long-Run Effects of Childhood Insurance Coverage: Medicaid Implementation, Adult Health, and Labor Market Outcomes|url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w22899|journal=NBER Working Paper|series=Working Paper Series |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|pages=22899|doi=10.3386/w22899|doi-access=free}}</ref> The government recoups its investment in Medicaid through savings on benefit payments later in life and greater payment of taxes because recipients of Medicaid are healthier: "The government earns a discounted annual return of between 2% and 7% on the original cost of childhood coverage for these cohorts, most of which comes from lower cash transfer payments."<ref name=":0" /> A 2019 [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] paper found that when [[Hawaii]] stopped allowing [[Compact of Free Association|Compact of Free Association (COFA)]] migrants to be covered by the state's Medicaid program that Medicaid-funded hospitalizations declined by 69% and emergency room visits declined by 42% for this population, but that uninsured ER visits increased and that Medicaid-funded ER visits by infants substantially increased.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Halliday |first1=Timothy J |last2=Akee |first2=Randall Q |last3=Sentell |first3=Tetine |last4=Inada |first4=Megan |last5=Miyamura |first5=Jill |date=2019 |title=The Impact of Medicaid on Medical Utilization in a Vulnerable Population: Evidence from COFA Migrants |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w26030 |journal=nber.org |series=Working Paper Series |doi=10.3386/w26030 |s2cid=198255625 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10419/215175}}</ref> Another NBER paper found that Medicaid expansion reduced mortality.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Sarah |last2=Altekruse |first2=Sean |last3=Johnson |first3=Norman |last4=Wherry |first4=Laura R |date=2019 |title=Medicaid and Mortality: New Evidence from Linked Survey and Administrative Data |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w26081 |journal=National Bureau of Economic Research |series=Working Paper Series |doi=10.3386/w26081 |s2cid=164463149}}</ref>

A 2021 ''American Economic Review'' study found that early childhood access to Medicaid "reduces mortality and disability, increases employment, and reduces receipt of disability transfer programs up to 50 years later. Medicaid has saved the government more than its original cost and saved more than 10 million quality adjusted life years."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goodman-Bacon |first=Andrew |date=2021 |title=The Long-Run Effects of Childhood Insurance Coverage: Medicaid Implementation, Adult Health, and Labor Market Outcomes |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20171671 |journal=American Economic Review |language=en |volume=111 |issue=8 |pages=2550–2593 |doi=10.1257/aer.20171671 |issn=0002-8282 |s2cid=237710097}}</ref>