Editing Martin Heidegger (section)

== Reception ==

===Influence===
Heidegger is often considered to be among the most important and influential philosophers of the 20th century by many observers.{{sfn|Fiske|1976}} American Philosopher [[Richard Rorty]] has ranked Heidegger as among the most important philosophers along with [[John Dewey]] and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Preface |date=2011 |work=The Philosophy of Heidegger |pages=vii–ix |editor-last=Watts |editor-first=Michael |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/philosophy-of-heidegger/preface/AD50ABABCA3E65485CE85F587BB31211 |access-date=2024-06-22 |series=Continental European Philosophy |publisher=Acumen Publishing |doi=10.1017/UPO9781844652655.001 |isbn=978-1-84465-263-1}}</ref> [[Simon Critchley]] has praised Heidegger as the "most important and influential philosopher in the continental tradition in the 20th century".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Critchley |first=Simon |date=2009-06-08 |title=Being and Time, part 1: Why Heidegger matters |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/jun/05/heidegger-philosophy |access-date=2024-06-22 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Slovenian philosopher [[Slavoj Žižek]] has referred to Heidegger as a "great philosopher" and rejected the notion that his alleged anti-semitism against him tainted his philosophy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Žižek |first=Slavoj |date=2015-05-13 |title=Slavoj Žižek: Why Heidegger should not be criminalised |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2015/05/slavoj-zizek-why-heidegger-should-not-be-criminalised |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=[[New Statesman]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In France, there is a very long and particular history of reading and interpreting Heidegger's work. Because Heidegger's discussion of ontology is sometimes interpreted as rooted in an analysis of the mode of existence of individual human beings (Dasein), his work has often been associated with existentialism.  Derrida sees [[deconstruction]] is a tradition inherited via Heidegger (the French term "''déconstruction''" is a term coined to translate Heidegger's use of the words "''Destruktion''"—literally "destruction"—and "''Abbau''"—more literally "de-building").{{sfn|Zuckert|1991}} The influence of Heidegger on Sartre's 1943 ''[[Being and Nothingness]]'' is marked. Heidegger himself, however, argued that Sartre had misread his work.{{sfn|Wheeler|2020|loc=§3.1}}{{sfn|Heidegger|1998|pages=250–51}}

[[Hubert Dreyfus]] introduced Heidegger's notion of "being-in-the-world" to research in [[Artificial intelligence]]. According to Dreyfus, long-standing research questions such as the [[Frame problem]] can be only dissolved within an Heideggerian framework.<ref>(Eds.): {{cite book |last1=Husbands P. |title=Why Heideggerian AI Failed and How Fixing It Would Require Making It More Heideggerian (in: The Mechanical Mind in History) |last2=Holland O. |last3=Wheeler M. |date=2008 |publisher=MIT Press |pages=331–371}}</ref> Heidegger also profoundly influenced [[Enactivism]] and [[Situated robotics]]. Former Trump chief strategist [[Steve Bannon]] has expressed admiration for Heidegger and has praised his philosophy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scheuermann |first=Christoph |date=2018-10-29 |title=Stephen Bannon Tries Rightwing Revolution in Europe |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/stephen-bannon-tries-rightwing-revolution-in-europe-a-1235297.html |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=Der Spiegel |language=en |issn=2195-1349}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stonebridge |first=Lyndsey |author-link=Lyndsey Stonebridge|date=2023-04-08 |title=Who is afraid of Martin Heidegger? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/the-weekend-essay/2023/04/philosopher-martin-heidegger-nazi-legacy-influence-right-wing-ideology |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=New Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>

Some writers on Heidegger's work see possibilities within it for dialogue with traditions of thought outside of Western philosophy, particularly East Asian thinking.{{sfn|Ma|2007}}{{sfn|Oldmeadow|2004|pages=351–54}} Despite perceived differences between Eastern and Western philosophy, some of Heidegger's later work, particularly "A Dialogue on Language between a Japanese and an Inquirer", does show an interest in initiating such a dialogue. Heidegger himself had contact with a number of leading Japanese intellectuals, including members of the [[Kyoto School]], notably [[Hajime Tanabe]] and [[Kuki Shūzō]]. The scholar Chang Chung-Yuan stated, "Heidegger is the only Western Philosopher who not only intellectually understands [[Tao]], but has intuitively experienced the essence of it as well."{{sfn|Laozi|2013|page=8}} Philosopher Reinhard May sees great influence of Taoism and Japanese scholars in Heidegger's work, although this influence is not acknowledged by the author. He asserts it can be shown that Heidegger sometimes "appropriated wholesale and almost verbatim major ideas from the German translations of Daoist and Zen Buddhist classics." To this he adds, "This clandestine textual appropriation of non-Western spirituality, the extent of which has gone undiscovered for so long, seems quite unparalleled, with far-reaching implications for our future interpretation of Heidegger's work."{{sfn|May|1996|page=xv}}

Notable figures known to be influenced by Heidegger's work today include [[Aleksandr Dugin]], a prominent Russian far-right political philosopher.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharpe |first=Matthew |date=2020-04-02 |title=In the Crosshairs of the Fourfold: Critical Thoughts on Aleksandr Dugin's Heidegger |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14409917.2020.1759284 |journal=Critical Horizons |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=167–187 |doi=10.1080/14409917.2020.1759284 |issn=1440-9917}}</ref>

=== Criticism ===
According to Husserl, ''Being and Time'' claimed to deal with ontology, but only did so in the first few pages of the book. Having nothing further to contribute to an ontology independent of human existence, Heidegger changed the topic to Dasein. Whereas Heidegger argued that the question of human existence is central to the pursuit of the question of being, Husserl criticized this as reducing phenomenology to "philosophical anthropology" and offering an abstract and incorrect portrait of the human being.{{sfn|Husserl|1997}} Aspects of his work have been criticized by those who acknowledge his influence. Some questions raised about Heidegger's philosophy include the priority of ontology, the status of animals, the nature of the religious, Heidegger's supposed neglect of ethics ([[Emmanuel Levinas]]), the body ([[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]]), sexual difference ([[Luce Irigaray]]), and space ([[Peter Sloterdijk]]).{{sfn|Holland|2018|pages=139–43}}{{sfn|Elden|2012|pages=85–88}} [[A. J. Ayer]] objected that Heidegger proposed vast, overarching theories regarding existence that were completely unverifiable through empirical demonstration and logical analysis.{{sfn|Gorner|2000|page=90}}

In France, there is a very long and particular history of reading and interpreting Heidegger. In 1929 the [[Neo-Kantian]] [[Ernst Cassirer]] and Heidegger engaged in [[Cassirer–Heidegger debate|an influential debate]], during the Second [[Davos Hochschulkurs]] in [[Davos]], concerning the significance of [[Immanuel Kant|Kantian]] notions of freedom and rationality. Whereas Cassirer defended the role of rationality in Kant, Heidegger argued for the priority of the imagination.{{sfn|Nirenberg|2011}}The reception of Heidegger's philosophy by Anglo-American [[analytic philosophy]], beginning with the [[logical positivism|logical positivists]], was almost uniformly negative. [[Rudolf Carnap]] accused Heidegger of offering an "illusory" ontology, criticizing him for committing the fallacy of [[Reification (fallacy)|reification]] and for wrongly dismissing the logical treatment of language which, according to Carnap, can only lead to writing "nonsensical pseudo-propositions".{{sfn|Carnap|1931}}{{sfn|Carnap|1966}}

[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]]ian-[[Marx]]ist thinkers, especially [[György Lukács]] and the [[Frankfurt School]], associated the style and content of Heidegger's thought with irrationalism and criticized its political implications. For instance, [[Theodor Adorno]] wrote an extended critique of the ideological character of Heidegger's early and later use of language in the ''Jargon of Authenticity'', and [[Jürgen Habermas]] admonishes the influence of Heidegger on recent French philosophy in his polemic against "[[postmodernism]]" in ''[[The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity]]''.{{sfn|Rockmore|1992|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=feWlC4ioGTYC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA57&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 57], [https://books.google.com/books?id=feWlC4ioGTYC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA75&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 75], [https://books.google.com/books?id=feWlC4ioGTYC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA149&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 149], [https://books.google.com/books?id=feWlC4ioGTYC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA258&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 258]}}{{sfn|Adorno|1973}}{{sfn|Habermas|1990|loc=chapter VI}}

[[Bertrand Russell]] considered Heidegger an [[obscurantist]], writing, "Highly eccentric in its terminology, his philosophy is extremely obscure. One cannot help suspecting that language is here running riot. An interesting point in his speculations is the insistence that nothingness is something positive. As with much else in Existentialism, this is a psychological observation made to pass for logic."{{sfn|Russell|1959 |page=303}} According to [[Richard Polt]], this quote expresses the sentiments of many 20th-century analytic philosophers concerning Heidegger.{{sfn|Polt|1999|page=123}}