Editing Marcus Garvey (section)

==Reception and legacy==
{{Quote box
| quote = Garvey has invariably been described as the Black Moses of his race, a group psychologist and an idealist planner, an iconoclast, an egotist, a zealot, a charlatan and
a buffoon. He has also been portrayed as flamboyant, dynamic, bombastic, defiant, ruthless, a dreamer and a fool. Regardless of what history will write about him, and his personal shortcomings notwithstanding, Marcus Garvey was undoubtedly the peerless champion of his race. He was a bulwark for the world-wide organization of people of African descent.
| source=— Milfred C. Fierce in ''[[The Black Scholar]]'', 1972{{sfn|Fierce|1972|p=50}}
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}}

A polarizing figure,{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=xiv}} Garvey was both revered and reviled.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=xii}} Grant noted that views on him largely divided between two camps, one camp portrayed him as a charlatan and the other camp portrayed him as a saint;{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=454}} similarly, Cronon noted that Garvey was varyingly perceived as a "strident demagogue or a dedicated prophet, a martyred visionary or a fabulous con man".{{sfn|Cronon|1955|p=202}} Martin noted that by the time Garvey returned to Jamaica in the 1920s, he was "just about the best known Black man in the whole world".{{sfn|Martin|1983|p=37}} The size and scope of the UNIA has also attracted attention; Mark Christian described Garvey as the leader of "the largest Black mass movement in [[Timelines of modern history|modern history]]",{{sfn|Christian|2008|p=322}} and [[John Henrik Clarke]] termed it "the first Black mass protest crusade in the [[history of the United States]]".{{sfn|Clarke|1974|p=17}} Garvey's ideas influenced many black people who never became paying members of the UNIA,{{sfn|Cronon|1955|p=204}} with Graves noting that "more than anything else, Garvey gave Negroes self-assertion and self-reliance."{{sfn|Graves|1962|pp=72–73}}

In Jamaica, Garvey is considered a national hero.{{sfnm|1a1=Clarke|1y=1974|1p=19|2a1=Grant|2y=2008|2p=3}} In 1969, Jamaica's government posthumously conferred the Order of the National Hero upon him.<ref name=JIS>[https://jis.gov.jm/information/heroes/marcus-mosiah-garvey/ "Marcus Mosiah Garvey"], Jamaica Information Service. Retrieved 22 September 2020.</ref>
The scholar of [[African-American studies]] [[Molefi Kete Asante]] included Garvey on his 2002 list of [[100 Greatest African Americans]],{{sfn|Asante|2002}} and in 2008, the American writer [[Ta-Nehisi Coates]] described Garvey as the "patron saint" of the black nationalist movement.{{sfn|Coates|2008}} Grant thought that Garvey, along with Du Bois, deserved to be seen as the "father of Pan-Africanism",{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=452}} and the Nigerian historian B. Steiner Ifekwe called Garvey "one of the greatest Pan-African leaders of the time".{{sfn|Ifekwe|2008|p=109}} Garvey has received praise from people who believe that he was a "race patriot",{{sfn|Cronon|1955|p=218}} and many African Americans believe that he encouraged black people to develop a sense of self-respect and pride.{{sfnm|1a1=Moses|1y=1972|1p=38|2a1=Chapman|2y=2004|2p=431}} While he was living in the U.S., Garvey was frequently referred to—sometimes sarcastically—as the "Negro Moses", implying that like [[Moses|the eponymous Old Testament figure]], he would lead his people out of the oppressive situation which they were living in.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=354}}

In 1955, Cronon stated that while Garvey "achieved little in the way of permanent improvement" for black people, he "awakened fires of Negro nationalism that have yet to be extinguished".{{sfn|Cronon|1955|p=4}} In Cronon's view, Garvey was important because he gave African-descended peoples a new feeling of collective pride and a sense of individual worth.{{sfn|Cronon|1955|p=222}} Hart believed that Garvey's importance lay in the fact that he stirred millions of people who were otherwise apathetic into action. In this way, Hart believed that Garvey had helped lay the groundwork for the U.S. [[civil rights movement]] during the 1950s and 1960s, even though that movement's call for racial integration and equality within the U.S. ran contrary to Garvey's belief in racial separation and his advocacy of migration to Africa.{{sfn|Hart|1967|p=235}}

{{Quote box
| quote = Garvey chiefly attracted attention because he put into powerful ringing phrases the secret thoughts of the Negro world. He told his listeners what they wanted to hear—that a black skin was not a badge of shame but rather a glorious symbol of national greatness. He promised a Negro nation in the African homeland that would be the marvel of the modern world. He pointed to Negro triumphs in the past and described in glowing syllables the glories of the future. When Garvey spoke of the greatness of the race, Negroes everywhere could forget for a moment the shame of discrimination and the horrors of lynching.
| source=— Edmund David Cronon, one of Garvey's biographers, 1955{{sfn|Cronon|1955|p=4}}
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[[Kwame Nkrumah]], the first president of [[Ghana]], wrote in his autobiography that of all the works of literature which he had studied, the book that inspired him more than any other book was ''The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey, or Africa for the Africans''.<ref name="auto1">"Spirit of Garvey Lives on Even Now", ''The Voice'', February 2020, p. 13.</ref> Nkrumah went on to name Ghana's national shipping line the "Black Star Line", and there is a Black Star Square in [[Accra]], and the [[Flag of Ghana|Ghanaian flag]] also contains a black star. Ghana's national football team is also nicknamed the Black Stars.<ref name="auto1"/>

While he was living in the U.S., Garvey faced strong opposition from many prominent figures in the African-American community as well as from leading progressive and left-wing organisations.{{sfn|Hart|1967|p=232}} He was also unpopular within elite sections of the African-American community, in part perhaps out of envy of his successes in attracting the support of the black masses, and in part out of concern that he was leading their community astray.{{sfn|Cronon|1955|pp=73–74}} Critics regarded him as an idealist,{{sfn|Christian|2008|p=317}} and he was sometimes regarded as "an egotist, a zealot, a charlatan and
a buffoon".{{sfn|Fierce|1972|p=50}} Garvey obtained a reputation for failing to pay his debts,{{sfn|Hart|1967|p=228}} and his detractors accused him of dishonesty.{{sfn|Hart|1967|p=228}}

Critics like Du Bois often mocked Garvey for his outfits and the grandiose titles which he gave to himself;{{sfn|Grant|2008|pp=xiii–ix}} in their view, he was embarrassingly pretentious.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=xii}} According to Grant, many members of the established African-American middle-class were "perplexed and embarrassed" by Garvey, who thought that the African-American working class should turn to their leadership rather than his.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=264}} Concerns were also raised about his violent language because the people who raised them believed that it was inciting many Garveyites to carry out violent acts against Garvey's critics.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=362}}

During his lifetime, some African Americans wondered if he really understood the racial issues which were present in U.S. society because he was a foreigner,{{sfn|Cronon|1955|p=74}} and later African-American leaders frequently held the view that Garvey had failed to adequately address anti-black racism in his thought.{{sfn|Grant|2003|p=492}} Grant noted that in the years after Garvey's death, his life was primarily presented by his political opponents.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=xi}} Writing for ''[[The Black Scholar]]'' in 1972, the scholar of [[African-American studies]] Wilson S. Moses expressed concern about the "uncritical adulation" of Garvey within African-American political circles. In Moses' opinion, this adulation led to "red baiting" and "divisive rhetoric" about being "Blacker-than-thou".{{sfn|Moses|1972|p=38}} Moses argued that it was wrong for people to regard Garvey as a "man of the people" because he had a petty bourgeoise background and as a result, he had "enjoyed cultural, economic, and educational advantages which few of his black contemporaries" had enjoyed.{{sfn|Moses|1972|p=39}}

[[File:Full and unconditional pardons=pardon-warrant-7-19-jan-2025 1.pdf|thumb|Posthumous pardon granted by President [[Joe Biden]] on 19 January 2025]]
US President [[Joe Biden]] issued a full and unconditional pardon to Garvey on 19 January 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/01/19/biden-pardons-final-day-marcus-garvey/|title=Biden pardons revolutionary Marcus Garvey on last full day in office|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|first= Cleve R. |last=Wootson Jr.|date=19 January 2025}}</ref>

===Influence on political movements===
In the late 1920s, Garvey had some ties to the French black movement, especially the group of the [[Comité de Défense de la Race Noire]] and the editor of its journal, [[Maurice Satineau]]. As the group was somewhat divided between a larger group of colonial reformists and a smaller group of representants of the [[Négritude]], there was strong concern by moderate members about Garvey as they were afraid of his radical nationalist approach, resulting in a cut of the ties.<ref name=":0" />

In the [[Colony of Jamaica]], Garvey was largely forgotten in the years after his death, but interest in him was revived by the [[Rastafari]] religious movement.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=453}} Jacques wrote a book about her late husband, ''Garvey and Garveyism'', and after finding that no publishers were interested in it she self-published the volume in 1963.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=453}} In 1962, when Jamaica became independent, the government hailed Garvey as a hero. In 1969, he was posthumously conferred with the Order of the National Hero by the Jamaican government.<ref name=JIS /> In 1975 the [[reggae]] artist [[Burning Spear]] released the album ''[[Marcus Garvey (album)|Marcus Garvey]]''.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=453}}

Interest in Garvey's ideas would also be revived in the 1960s through the growth of independent states across Africa and the emergence of the [[Black Power movement]] in the United States.{{sfn|Grant|2008|pp=453–454}} Mark Christian suggested that Garveyism gave an important psychological boost to African leaders campaigning for independence from European colonial rule,{{sfn|Christian|2008|p=325}} while Claudius Fergus proposed that it played an important role in encouraging Africans to see the African diaspora as an "integral constituent of their own political destiny."{{sfn|Fergus|2010|p=32}}

In his autobiography, [[Kwame Nkrumah]], the prominent Pan-Africanist activist who became Ghana's first president, acknowledged Garvey's influence on him.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=453}} The [[Flag of Ghana|flag that Ghana]] adopted when it became independent adopted the colours of UNIA (See: [[Pan-African colours]]).{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=452}} In November 1964, Garvey's body was removed from West Kensal Green Cemetery and taken to Jamaica. There, it lay in state in Kingston's Catholic Cathedral before a motorcade took it to King George VI Memorial Park, where it was re-buried.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=454}}

[[File:Martin Luther King, Jr..jpg|thumb|upright|Martin Luther King Jr. in 1964]]
During a trip to Jamaica, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and his wife [[Coretta Scott King]] visited Garvey's shrine on 20 June 1965 and laid a wreath.<ref>[http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story003.html "Martin Luther King Jr. visits Jamaica"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008171725/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story003.html |date=8 October 2007 }}, ''Jamaica Gleaner'', 20 June 1965.</ref> In a speech he told the audience that Garvey "was the first man of color to lead and develop a mass movement. He was the first man to give millions of Negroes a sense of dignity and destiny on a mass scale and level. And he was the first man to make the Negro feel that he was somebody."<ref>Salley, Columbus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=g3GW-VNyfNYC&q=The+Black+100:+A+Ranking+of+the+Most+Influential+African-Americans,+Past+and+Present+By+Columbus+Salley "The Black 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential African-Americans, Past and Present"], Citadel Press, 1999, p. 82.</ref>
The Vietnamese Communist revolutionary [[Ho Chi Minh]] said that Garvey and [[Korean nationalism|Korean nationalists]] shaped his political outlook during his stay in America.<ref>{{Cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4WFjKG6vmUC&q=ho+chi+minh+influenced+by+marcus+garvey&pg=PA421 | title=Encyclopedia of the Sixties: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture &#91;2 volumes&#93;: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture| isbn=978-1440801020| last1=Debolt| first1=Abbe A| author2=James S. Baugess| date=12 December 2011| publisher=Abc-Clio}}</ref> Thandeka K. Chapman believed that Garveyism contributed to the formation of the [[multicultural education]] movement during the 1960s.{{sfn|Chapman|2004|p=424}} Chapman believed that both "Garveyism and multicultural education share the desire to see students of color learning and achieving academic success",{{sfn|Chapman|2004|p=425}} and both allotted significant attention to generating racial pride.{{sfn|Chapman|2004|p=426}}

===Influence on religious movements===
Garvey never regarded himself as a religious visionary but he was perceived as such by some of his followers.{{sfn|Chevannes|1994|p=99}} Various [[Bedwardites]] for example regarded him as the reincarnation of Moses.{{sfn|Chevannes|1994|p=99}} The [[Moorish Science Temple of America]] regarded Garvey as a prophet akin to John the Baptist in relation to their prophet [[Noble Drew Ali]], whom they regarded as a Jesus figure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moorishamericannationalrepublic.com/about/the-prophet-noble-drew-ali-and-marcus-garvey-connection/|title=The Prophet Noble Drew Ali and Marcus Garvey Connection|publisher=The Divine and National Movement of North America, Inc #13 The Moorish American National Republic|website=Moorish Science Temple|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805135843/https://moorishamericannationalrepublic.com/about/the-prophet-noble-drew-ali-and-marcus-garvey-connection/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Garvey's ideas were a significant influence on the [[Nation of Islam]], a religious group for African Americans established in the U.S. in 1930.{{sfnm|1a1=Graves|1y=1962|1p=65|2a1=Barnett|2y=2006|2pp=879–880}}

Garvey and Garveyism was a key influence on [[Rastafari]], a [[new religious movement]] that appeared in 1930 Jamaica.{{sfnm|1a1=Chevannes|1y=1994|1p=87|2a1=Ifekwe|2y=2008|2p=110}}
According to the scholar of religion [[Maboula Soumahoro]], Rastafari "emerged from the socio-political ferment inaugurated by Marcus Garvey",{{sfn|Soumahoro|2007|p=39}} while for the sociologist Ernest Cashmore, Garvey was the "most important" precursor of the Rastafari movement.{{sfn|Cashmore|1983|p=3}} Rastafari does not promote all of the views that Garvey espoused, nevertheless, it shares many of them.{{sfn|Clarke|1986|p=44}} Garvey knew of the Rastas from his time in Jamaica during the 1930s but his view of them, according to the scholar Barry Chevannes, "bordered on scorn".{{sfn|Chevannes|1994|p=109}}

According to Chevannes, Garvey would have regarded the Rastas' belief in the divinity of Haile Selassie as [[blasphemy]].{{sfn|Chevannes|1994|p=110}} Many Rastas regard Garvey as a prophet,{{sfnm|1a1=Clarke|1y=1986|1p=35|2a1=Grant|2y=2008|2p=453|3a1=Edmonds|3y=2012|3p=7}} believing that he prophesied the crowning of [[Haile Selassie]] in a manner which was similar to how [[John the Baptist]] prophesied the coming of Jesus Christ.{{sfn|Chevannes|1994|pp=102–103}} Many legends and tales are told about him within Jamaica's Rasta community.{{sfn|Chevannes|1994|p=100}} Many attribute him with supernatural attributes, for instance there is a tale told about him—and also independently told about the pioneering Rasta [[Leonard Howell]]—that Garvey miraculously knew that his bath had been poisoned and refused to get into it.{{sfn|Chevannes|1994|pp=100–101}} Other stories among Jamaica's Rastas hold that Garvey never really died and remained alive, perhaps living in Africa.{{sfn|Chevannes|1994|p=101}} Some Rastas also organise meetings, known as Nyabinghi Issemblies, to mark Garvey's birthday.{{sfn|Edmonds|2012|p=60}}

===Memorials===
[[File:Marcus Garvey Statue.JPG|thumb|upright|Statue of Garvey on Harris Promenade in [[San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago]]]]
Garvey's birthplace, 32 Market Street, [[St. Ann's Bay]], Jamaica, has a marker signifying it as a site of importance in the nation's history.<ref>[http://www.jnht.com/site_32_market_street.php 32 Market Street], Jamaica National Heritage Trust. 16 March 2013.</ref> His likeness was on the 20-dollar coin and 25-cent coin of the [[Jamaican dollar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boj.org.jm/currency/currency_coins.php#%20Bank%20of%20Jamaica%20Coins|title=Bank of Jamaica {{!}} Coins|website=Boj.org.jm|access-date=2019-02-22|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026163022/http://boj.org.jm/currency/currency_coins.php#%20Bank%20of%20Jamaica%20Coins|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012 the Jamaican government declared 17 August as Marcus Garvey Day. The Governor General's proclamation stated "from here on every year this time, all of us here in Jamaica will be called to mind to remember this outstanding National Hero and what he has done for us as a people, and our children will call this to mind also on this day" and went on to say "to proclaim and make known that the 17th Day of August in each year shall be designated as Marcus Garvey Day and shall so be observed."<ref>{{cite web |title=Gov't Declares August 17 Marcus Garvey Day |url=https://jis.gov.jm/govt-declares-august-17-marcus-garvey-day/ |website=Jamaican Information Service |publisher=Government of Jamaica |access-date=10 July 2018 |date=17 August 2012}}</ref>

The [[Brownsville, Brooklyn|Brownsville]] neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York City, is home to Marcus Garvey Village, whose construction was completed in 1976.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bellafante |first1=Ginia |title=A Housing Solution Gone Awry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/02/nyregion/in-marcus-garvey-village-a-housing-solution-gone-awry.html |work=The New York Times |date=1 June 2013 }}</ref> This building complex is home to the first energy storage [[Microgrids|microgrid]] at an affordable housing property in the country. It will use the energy storage system to cut electricity costs, improve grid reliability, and provide backup power during extended outages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/marcus-garvey-apartments/|title=Marcus Garvey Apartments – Clean Energy Group|work=Clean Energy Group|access-date=2017-07-06|language=en-US}}</ref>

In the 1980s, Garvey's two sons launched a campaign requesting that the U.S. government issue a pardon for their father. In this they had the support of Harlem-based U.S. congressman [[Charles Rangel]].{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=454}} In 2006, Jamaican Prime Minister [[Portia Simpson-Miller]] tasked various Jamaican lawyers with investigating how they could assist this campaign.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=454}} The [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] declined to pardon Garvey in 2011, writing that its policy was not to consider requests for posthumous pardons.<ref>Walker, Karyl (21 August 2011), [http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/No-pardon-for-Garvey_9489036 "No Pardon for Garvey"], ''Jamaica Observer''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108014454/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/No-pardon-for-Garvey_9489036 |date=8 November 2011 }}.</ref>

President Joe Biden posthumously pardoned Marcus Garvey on January 19, 2025, his final full day in office. This action was the culmination of a decades-long campaign by Garvey's family, historians, and civil rights advocates to exonerate him. The pardon was supported by members of Congress, including the Congressional Black Caucus, who emphasized that the charges against Garvey were fabricated to discredit and silence him as a civil rights leader. President Biden's decision was seen as a significant step in acknowledging and rectifying historical injustices faced by Black leaders. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/congress-members-urge-biden-exonerate-black-civil-rights/story?id=117087620/|title=Biden posthumously pardons civil rights leader Marcus Garvey – ABC News|work=ABC News|access-date=2025-01-20|language=en-US}}</ref>

There have been several proposals to make a [[biopic]] of Garvey's life. Those mentioned in connection with the role of Garvey have included the Jamaican-born actor Kevin Navayne<ref>{{cite web |title=Marcus Garvey Movie Biopic in the Works |url=http://atlantablackstar.com/2012/04/03/marcus-garvey-movie-biopic-in-the-works/ |first=Stan |last=Castle |date=3 April 2012 |website=Atlanta Black Star |access-date=12 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kevin Navayne to Star in Marcus Garvey Biopic |url=http://thereelnetwork.net/kevin-navayne-to-star-in-marcus-garvey-biopic/ |date=21 May 2014 |publisher=The Reel Network |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215192801/http://thereelnetwork.net/kevin-navayne-to-star-in-marcus-garvey-biopic/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the British-born actor of Jamaican descent [[Delroy Lindo]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delroy Lindo to Star as Marcus Garvey in Upcoming Biopic |url=https://www.colorlines.com/articles/delroy-lindo-star-marcus-garvey-upcoming-biopic |first=Sameer |last=Rao |date=7 December 2015 |website=[[ColorLines]] |access-date=12 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Actor Delroy Lindo to Play the Great Marcus Garvey in Upcoming Biographical Movie to Be Released..When? |url=http://urbanintellectuals.com/2015/12/16/actor-delroy-lindo-play-great-marcus-garvey-upcoming-biographical-movie-released-2017/ |first=F. |last=Taylor |date=16 December 2015 |publisher=Urban Intellectuals |access-date=12 February 2016 }}</ref>

Marcus Garvey appears in Jason Overstreet's ''The Strivers' Row Spy'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/strivers-spy|title=a book review by E. Ethelbert Miller: The Strivers' Row Spy|website=nyjournalofbooks.com|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jason-overstreet/the-strivers-row-spy/|title=The Strivers' Row Spy |website= [[Kirkus Reviews]]|date=31 May 2016|language=en}}</ref> a 2016 historical novel about the [[Harlem Renaissance]]. The novel also includes as characters [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], [[James Weldon Johnson]], and [[Adam Clayton Powell Sr.|Adam Clayton Powell]], among other historically significant figures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bookpage.com/interviews/20328-jason-overstreet-mystery-suspense|title=Author Interview – Jason Overstreet, author of The Strivers' Row Spy|website=BookPage.com|interviewer=Lily McLemore|date=22 August 2016|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>

The 2021 documentary film ''African Redemption: The Life and Legacy of Marcus Garvey'', directed by Roy T. Anderson, was made with the collaboration of Julius Garvey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmfreeway.com/AfricanRedemptiontheLifeandLegacyofMarcusGarvey|title=African Redemption: The Life and Legacy of Marcus Garvey|website=FilmFreeway|access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caribbeanlife.com/harlem-debuts-garvey-doc-world-premiere-next/|title=Harlem debuts 'Garvey' doc – world premiere next|first=Vinette K.|last=Pryce|website=Caribbean Life|date=23 August 2021|access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20211016/jamaican-producer-talks-african-redemption-life-and-legacy-marcus|title=Jamaican producer talks 'African Redemption: The Life and Legacy of Marcus Garvey'|first=Yasmine|last=Peru|website=The Gleaner|date=16 October 2021}}</ref>

In 2023, the short film ''[[Mosiah (film)|Mosiah]]'' became the first narrative film released about Marcus Garvey. The film was shot and directed by Jirard. The script was co-written by the lead actor, Samuel Lee Fudge and Jirard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mosiah |url=https://filmfreeway.com/MosiahTheMovie |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=Director Jirard screens his powerful new film MOSIAH |url=https://www.fox2detroit.com/video/1287133|first=Deena|last=Centofanti|access-date=2023-11-16 |website=FOX 2 Detroit |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=CVM-TV |date=2023-09-29 |title="Mosiah" Skylark Film Festival - CVM TV |url=https://www.cvmtv.com/cvm-at-sunrise/mosiah-skylark-film-festival/,%20https://www.cvmtv.com/cvm-at-sunrise/mosiah-skylark-film-festival/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cleary |first=Jamar |date=2023-10-16 |title=Exclusive Interview: American Actor Samuel Lee Fudge, Bringing Marcus Garvey to Life in 'Mosiah' |url=https://www.kaboommag.com/post/exclusive-interview-american-samuel-lee-fudge-bringing-marcus-garvey-to-life-in-mosiah |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Kaboom |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2023 |title=CBC Listen: On The Coast with Gloria Macarenko - The Vancouver Black Independent Film Festival |url=https://www.cbc.ca/listen/live-radio/1-46/clip/16020470}}</ref>

Garvey is briefly portrayed in composer [[Michael R. Jackson]]'s [[Tony Award]] Best Musical ''[[A Strange Loop]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-reviews-arts-and-theater-plays-41ca03eba0c61af25b3e6f80daf7d811 |title= Review: 'A Strange Loop' makes a remarkable Broadway debut |last=Kennedy |first=Mark|date=April 26, 2022|publisher=[[APNews.com]]|access-date=June 3, 2024}}</ref>