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==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist|25em}} ===Sources=== ; Works cited {{refbegin|indent=yes|35em}} * {{citation | title = Portraits of "primitives": Ordering human kinds in the Chinese nation | given = Susan Debra | surname = Blum | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-7425-0092-1 | postscript = . | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/portraitsofprimi0000blum }} * {{citation | surname = Chen | given = Ping | title = Modern Chinese: History and sociolinguistics | location = New York | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-521-64572-0 | postscript = . | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/modernchinesehis00chen }} * {{citation | author = Chinese Academy of Social Sciences | script-title = zh:中国语言地图集(第2版):汉语方言卷 | title = Zhōngguó yǔyán dìtú jí (dì 2 bǎn): Hànyǔ fāngyán juǎn | trans-title = Language Atlas of China (2nd edition): Chinese dialect volume | publisher = The Commercial Press | location = Beijing | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-7-100-07054-6 | postscript = . }} * {{citation | title = A brief history of Mandarin | given = W. South | surname = Coblin | author-link = Weldon South Coblin | journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume = 120 | issue = 4 | year = 2000 | pages = 537–552 | jstor = 606615 | postscript = . | doi=10.2307/606615}} * {{citation | title = Robert Morrison and the Phonology of Mid-Qīng Mandarin | given = W. South | surname = Coblin | author-mask = 3 | journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | year = 2003 | pages = 339–355 | doi = 10.1017/S1356186303003134 | s2cid = 162258379 | postscript = . }} * {{citation | title = Creole and dialect continua: standard acquisition processes in Belize and China (PRC) | given = Geneviève | surname = Escure | publisher = John Benjamins | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-90-272-5240-1 | postscript = . }} * {{citation | given = Elisabeth | surname = Kaske | title = The politics of language in Chinese education, 1895–1919 | publisher = BRILL | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-90-04-16367-6 | postscript = . }} * {{citation | surname = Janhunen | given = Juha | author-link = Juha Janhunen | title = Typological interaction in the Qinghai linguistic complex | journal = Studia Orientalia | volume = 101 | pages = 85–102 | year = 2007 | url = https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52610 | postscript = . | access-date = 2023-05-13 | archive-date = 2023-04-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230430152824/https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52610 | url-status = live }} * {{citation | surname = Kurpaska | given = Maria | title = Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects" | publisher = [[Walter de Gruyter]] | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-3-11-021914-2 | postscript = . }} * {{citation | given1 = Victor H. | surname1 = Mair | author-link = Victor H. Mair | title = Who were the Gyámi? | url = http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp018_dungan_gyami.pdf | journal = Sino-Platonic Papers | volume = 18 | issue = b | year = 1990 | pages = 1–8 | postscript = . | access-date = 2015-05-27 | archive-date = 2015-02-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150221054327/http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp018_dungan_gyami.pdf | url-status = live }} * {{citation | given1 = Victor H. | surname1 = Mair | author-mask = 3 | title = What Is a Chinese "Dialect/Topolect"? Reflections on Some Key Sino-English Linguistic terms | url = http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp029_chinese_dialect.pdf | journal = Sino-Platonic Papers | volume = 29 | year = 1991 | pages = 1–31 | postscript = . | access-date = 2013-11-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180510155608/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp029_chinese_dialect.pdf | archive-date = 2018-05-10 | url-status = dead }} * {{citation | surname = Norman | given = Jerry | author-link = Jerry Norman (sinologist) | title = Chinese | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-0-521-29653-3 | postscript = . }} * {{citation | surname = Ramsey | given = S. Robert | title = The Languages of China | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1987 | isbn = 978-0-691-01468-5 | postscript = . }} * {{citation | title = Applying Linguistics in the Classroom: A Sociocultural Approach | given1 = Aria | surname1 = Razfar | given2 = Joseph C. | surname2 = Rumenapp | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-1-136-21205-5 | postscript = . }} * {{citation | surname = Richards | given = John F. | title = The unending frontier: an environmental history of the early modern world | publisher = University of California Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-520-23075-0 | postscript = . }} * {{citation | given = Svetlana | surname = Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer | title = Soviet Dungan nationalism: a few comments on their origin and language | journal = Monumenta Serica | volume = 33 | year = 1977–1978 | pages = 349–362 | doi = 10.1080/02549948.1977.11745054 | jstor = 40726247 | postscript = . }} * {{citation | surname1 = Szeto | given1 = Pui Yiu | surname2 = Ansaldo | given2 = Umberto | surname3 = Matthews | given3 = Stephen | year = 2018 | title = Typological variation across Mandarin dialects: An areal perspective with a quantitative approach | journal = Linguistic Typology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 233–275 | doi = 10.1515/lingty-2018-0009 | s2cid = 126344099 | postscript = . }} * {{citation | surname = Ting | given = Pang-Hsin | chapter = Some theoretical issues in the study of Mandarin dialects | pages = 185–234 | title = Language and Dialects of China | series = Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series | editor-given = William S-Y. | editor-surname = Wang | volume = 3 | year = 1991 | issue = 3 | publisher = Chinese University Press, Project on Linguistic Analysis | jstor = 23827039 | postscript = . }} * {{cite book |last=Wang |first=Xiaomei |year=2012 |title=Mandarin Spread in Malaysia |publisher=The University of Malaya Press |isbn=978-983-100-958-1}} * {{citation | given1=Stephen Adolphe | surname1=Wurm | given2=Rong | surname2=Li | given3=Theo | surname3=Baumann | given4=Mei W. | surname4=Lee | title=Language Atlas of China | publisher=Longman | year=1987 | isbn=978-962-359-085-3 | postscript = . }} * {{cite book |last1=Wurm |first1=Stephen A. |last2=Mühlhäusler |first2=Peter |last3=Tryon |first3=Darrell T. |year=2011 |title=Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-081972-4}} * {{citation | given = Margaret Mian | surname = Yan | title = Introduction to Chinese Dialectology | publisher = LINCOM Europa | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-3-89586-629-6 | postscript = . }} * {{citation | surname = Yue | given = Anne O. | chapter = Chinese dialects: grammar | editor-given1 = Graham | editor-surname1 = Thurgood | editor-given2 = Randy J.| editor-surname2 = LaPolla | title = The Sino-Tibetan languages | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-7007-1129-1 | pages = 84–125 | postscript = . }} * {{citation | title = Language policy in the People's Republic of China: theory and practice since 1949 | editor-given = Minglang| editor-surname = Zhou | chapter = ''Putonghua'' education and language policy in postcolonial Hong Kong | given1 = Bennan | surname1 = Zhang | given2 = Robin R. | surname2 = Yang | pages = 143–161 | publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-4020-8038-8 | postscript = . }} {{refend}}
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