Editing Magnetic resonance imaging (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of magnetic resonance imaging}}

In 1971 at [[Stony Brook University]], [[Paul Lauterbur]] applied magnetic field gradients in all three dimensions and a back-projection technique to create NMR images. He published the first images of two tubes of water in 1973 in the journal ''Nature'',<ref name="LAUTERBUR 1973 pp. 190–191">{{cite journal | last=LAUTERBUR | first=P. C. | title=Image Formation by Induced Local Interactions: Examples Employing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=242 | issue=5394 | year=1973 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/242190a0 | pages=190–191| bibcode=1973Natur.242..190L | s2cid=4176060 }}</ref> followed by the picture of a living animal, a clam, and in 1974 by the image of the thoracic cavity of a mouse. Lauterbur called his imaging method zeugmatography, a term which was replaced by (N)MR imaging.<ref name="Rinck"/> In the late 1970s, physicists [[Peter Mansfield]] and [[Paul Lauterbur]] developed MRI-related techniques, like the [[echo-planar imaging]] (EPI) technique.<ref name="Mansfield-EPI">{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/physrevb.12.3618 |title="Diffraction" and microscopy in solids and liquids by NMR |journal=Physical Review B |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=3618–34 |year=1975 | vauthors=Mansfield P, Grannell PK |bibcode=1975PhRvB..12.3618M }}</ref>

[[Raymond Damadian]]'s work into [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] (NMR) has been incorporated into MRI, having built one of the first scanners.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/17/science/raymond-damadian-dead.html|title=Raymond Damadian, Creator of the First M.R.I. Scanner, Dies at 86|first=Richard|last=Sandomir|work=The New York Times |date=August 17, 2022|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

Advances in [[semiconductor]] technology were crucial to the development of practical MRI, which requires a large amount of [[computational power]]. This was made possible by the rapidly increasing number of [[transistors]] on a single [[integrated circuit]] chip.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Rosenblum B, Kuttner F |title=Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness |date=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199792955 |page=127 |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=I9kGFX1_oGAC|page=127}}}}</ref> Mansfield and Lauterbur were awarded the 2003 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for their "discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/index.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=28 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718172340/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/index.html|archive-date=18 July 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>