Editing Magic Johnson (section)

=== HIV activism ===
{{Blockquote
|text=I think sometimes we think, "Well, only gay people can get it; it's not going to happen to me", and here I am saying that it can happen to anybody.
|author=Magic Johnson (November 7, 1991)<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Magic Johnson |date=November 7, 1991 |title=Magic Johnson HIV announcement |type=Press conference video |language=English |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbdOQUARrEU | access-date = July 30, 2023 |time=4:22ff. |location=Los Angeles |publisher=CNN | archive-date = July 30, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230730125930/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbdOQUARrEU | url-status = live}}</ref>
}}
Johnson was one of the first sports stars to go public about having HIV.<ref>{{cite web |title=Magic Johnson announces he is HIV-positive |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/magic-johnson-announces-he-is-hiv-positive |website=History |date=November 24, 2009 |access-date=July 30, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=July 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730123256/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/magic-johnson-announces-he-is-hiv-positive |url-status=live}}</ref> [[AIDS]] activist [[Elizabeth Glaser]], to whom Johnson had been introduced by a friend,<ref name="SMFrontline" /> convinced Johnson to go public about his diagnosis.<ref name="SMFrontline" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Genet |first=Danielle |title=Cookie Johnson: 'I Fell to My Knees' When Magic Revealed His HIV Diagnosis |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cookie-johnson-fell-knees-magic-revealed-hiv-diagnosis/story?id=42141924 |access-date=July 30, 2023 |work=ABC News |date=September 20, 2016 |language=en |archive-date=July 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730114702/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cookie-johnson-fell-knees-magic-revealed-hiv-diagnosis/story?id=42141924 |url-status=live}}</ref> "She made me promise before she died that I would become the face of the disease and really go out and help people and educate people about it", Johnson recalled in a 2011 interview with ''[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]''.<ref name="SMFrontline">{{cite news |last=Moughty |first=Sarah |title=20 Years After HIV Announcement, Magic Johnson Emphasizes: "I Am Not Cured" |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/20-years-after-hiv-announcement-magic-johnson-emphasizes-i-am-not-cured/ |access-date=July 30, 2023 |work=Frontline |publisher=PBS |date=November 7, 2011 |archive-date=July 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730113820/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/20-years-after-hiv-announcement-magic-johnson-emphasizes-i-am-not-cured/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

After announcing his infection in November 1991, Johnson created the [[Magic Johnson Foundation]] to help combat HIV,<ref name="lifeafterdeath">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/vault/2001/08/20/309211/magic-johnson-life-after-death |title=Life After Death |last=McCallum |first=Jack |date=August 20, 2001 |magazine=Sports Illustrated|access-date=April 28, 2019|archive-date=March 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315035216/https://vault.si.com/vault/2001/08/20/magic-johnson-life-after-death|url-status=live}}</ref> although he later diversified the foundation to include other charitable goals.<ref name="espnaids">{{cite news |url=https://www.espn.com/gen/s/2001/1105/1274006.html |title=AIDS community misses old Magic act |last=Farrey |first=Tom |date=November 7, 2001 |publisher=ESPN|access-date=May 15, 2008|archive-date=April 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419021910/http://espn.go.com/gen/s/2001/1105/1274006.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1992, he joined the [[National Commission on AIDS]], a committee appointed by members of [[United States Congress|Congress]] and the [[George H.W. Bush|Bush Administration]]. Johnson left after eight months, saying that the [[White House]] had "utterly ignored" the work of the panel, and had opposed the commission's recommendations, which included [[universal healthcare]] and the expansion of [[Medicaid]] to cover all low-income people with AIDS.<ref name="lifeafterdeath" /><ref name=quits>{{Cite news |title='Disappointed' Magic Johnson quits AIDS commission |date=September 26, 1992 |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-09-26-1992270001-story.html|access-date=January 3, 2023 |work=The Baltimore Sun |agency=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=January 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103190955/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-09-26-1992270001-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also the main speaker for the [[United Nations]] (UN) [[World AIDS Day]] Conference in 1999,<ref name="espnaids" /> and has served as a [[United Nations Messenger of Peace]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/16/sports/sports-of-the-times-the-greatest-is-honored-by-the-diplomat.html |title=The Greatest Is Honored by The Diplomat |last=Rhoden |first=William C. |date=September 16, 1998 |work=The New York Times|access-date=May 17, 2022|archive-date=February 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210141420/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/16/sports/sports-of-the-times-the-greatest-is-honored-by-the-diplomat.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

HIV had been associated with intravenous drug users and homosexuals,<ref name="lifeafterdeath" /> but Johnson's campaigns sought to show that the risk of infection was not limited to those groups. Johnson stated that his aim was to "help educate all people about what [HIV] is about" and teach others not to "discriminate against people who have HIV and AIDS".<ref name="espnaids" /> Johnson was later criticized by the AIDS community for his decreased involvement in publicizing the spread of the disease.<ref name="lifeafterdeath" /><ref name="espnaids" />

A number of research papers have been written on the "Magic Johnson effect", the effect Johnson's HIV announcement had on various populations, particularly those outside the stereotypes of who got infected with HIV – that is, heterosexuals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brennan |first1=Matt |title=How Magic Johnson's HIV diagnosis changed the conversation about AIDS in America |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2022-05-01/winning-time-hbo-magic-johnson-hiv-aids-epidemic |access-date=July 30, 2023 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=May 2, 2022 |archive-date=July 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730123255/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2022-05-01/winning-time-hbo-magic-johnson-hiv-aids-epidemic |url-status=live}}</ref> Johnson's announcement was a "[[public health|public-health]] catalyst", according to a [[West Virginia University]] paper,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hadhazy |first1=Adam |last2=Gordon |first2=Jonathan |title=How has Magic Johnson survived with HIV? |url=https://www.livescience.com/16909-magic-johnson-hiv-aids-anniversary.html |access-date=July 30, 2023 |work=livescience.com |date=August 24, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=July 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730123256/https://www.livescience.com/16909-magic-johnson-hiv-aids-anniversary.html |url-status=live}}</ref> "rapidly correcting the public's understanding of who was at risk of infection".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cardazzi |first1=Alexander |last2=Martin |first2=Joshua C. |last3=Rodriguez |first3=Zachary |date=September 2023 |title=Information shocks and celebrity exposure: The effect of "Magic" Johnson on AIDS diagnoses and mortality in the U.S. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hec.4712 |journal=Health Economics |language=en |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=2047–2079 |doi=10.1002/hec.4712 |pmid=37292004 |issn=1057-9230 |access-date=May 1, 2024 |archive-date=February 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223123445/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hec.4712 |url-status=live}}</ref> The paper argues there was a "large but temporary increase in the number of AIDS diagnoses for heterosexual men following the announcement" and suggests that, for some of those people, Johnson's announcement "prolonged patients' lifespans as a result of earlier access to medical care".<ref name="ACJCMZR">{{cite journal |last1=Cardazzi |first1=Alexander |last2=Martin |first2=Joshua C. |last3=Rodriguez |first3=Zachary |title="Information Avoidance and Celebrity Exposure: The Effect of "Magic" Johnson on AIDS Diagnoses and Mortality in the U.S. |journal=Economics Faculty Working Papers Series |date=2021 |issue=57 |url=https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1054&context=econ_working-papers |access-date=July 30, 2023 |archive-date=July 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730123257/https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1054&context=econ_working-papers |url-status=live}}</ref> A paper published in ''[[AIDS Education and Prevention]]'' found that "the announcement by Magic Johnson that he had been infected with HIV was associated with increased concern about HIV and with attitude and behavior changes that would lead to reduced risk".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Langer |first1=LM |last2=Zimmerman |first2=RS |last3=Hendershot |first3=EF |last4=Singh |first4=M |title=Effect of Magic Johnson's HIV status on HIV-related attitudes and behaviors of an STD clinic population. |journal=AIDS Education and Prevention |date=1992 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=295–307 |pmid=1472415}}</ref>

To prevent his HIV infection from progressing to AIDS, Johnson takes a daily combination of [[antiretroviral drugs]], blocking and containing the virus.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hadhazy |first1=Adam |last2=Gordon |first2=Jonathan |date=August 24, 2022 |title=How has Magic Johnson survived with HIV? |url=https://www.livescience.com/16909-magic-johnson-hiv-aids-anniversary.html |access-date=November 4, 2024 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dador |first=Denise |title=Big medical advances seen 25 years after Magic Johnson's AIDS diagnosis |date=November 8, 2016 |url=https://abc7.com/magic-johnson-hiv-aids-medicine/1595575/ |access-date=November 4, 2024 |website=ABC7 Los Angeles |language=en}}</ref> He has advertised [[GlaxoSmithKline]]'s drugs,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/drugs/2003-01-20-magic-glaxo_x.htm |title=Magic Johnson assists drugmaker to advertise HIV treatment |date=January 20, 2003 |work=USA Today|access-date=February 17, 2009|archive-date=February 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210141139/http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/drugs/2003-01-20-magic-glaxo_x.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and partnered with [[Abbott Laboratories]] to publicize the fight against AIDS in African American communities.<ref name="misperception">{{cite news |last=Sternberg |first=Steve |date=November 30, 2006 |title=Magic Johnson combats AIDS misperceptions |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-11-30-magic-aids_x.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722213530/https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-11-30-magic-aids_x.htm |archive-date=July 22, 2009 |access-date=November 11, 2023 |work=USA Today}}</ref>