Editing Lviv (section)

==Culture==
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|WHS = L'viv – the [[Old Town (Lviv)|Ensemble of the Historic Centre]]
|Image=[[File:Панорама центру Львова.jpg|250px]]
|Caption=Town view from ''[[Lviv High Castle|High Castle]]''
|Criteria=Cultural: ii, v
|ID = 865
|Year=1998
|Area=120 ha
|Buffer_zone=2,441 ha
}}

Lviv is one of Ukraine's most important cultural centres. It is known as a centre of art, literature, music and theatre. Nowadays, the evidence of the city's cultural richness is the number of theatres, concert halls, and creative unions, and the high number of artistic activities (more than 100 festivals annually, 60 museums, and 10 theatres).

[[Old Town (Lviv)|Lviv's historic centre]] has been on the [[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)]] [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage list]] since 1998. UNESCO gave the following reasons<ref name=":0">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/865 L'viv&nbsp;– the Ensemble of the Historic Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224203848/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/865/ |date=24 February 2022 }}, UNESCO&nbsp;– World Heritage. URL Accessed: 30 October 2006</ref> for its selection:

{{blockquote|Criterion II: In its urban fabric and its architecture, Lviv is an outstanding example of the fusion of the architectural and artistic traditions of central and eastern Europe with those of Italy and Germany.}}

{{blockquote|Criterion V: The political and commercial role of Lviv attracted to it a number of ethnic groups with different cultural and religious traditions, who established separate yet interdependent communities within the city, evidence for which is still discernible in the modern town's landscape.}}The World Heritage Site consists of Seredmistia (Middletown), Pidzamche, [[Lviv High Castle|High Castle]], and the ensemble of [[St. George's Cathedral, Lviv|St. George's Cathedral]].<ref name=":0" />

===Architecture===
Lviv's historic churches, buildings and relics date from the 13th century to the early 20th century (Polish and Austro-Hungarian rule). In recent centuries Lviv was spared some of the invasions and wars that destroyed other [[List of cities in Ukraine|Ukrainian cities]]. Its architecture reflects various European styles and periods. After the fires of 1527 and 1556 Lviv lost most of its [[gothic architecture|gothic]]-style buildings but it retains many buildings in [[renaissance architecture|renaissance]], [[baroque architecture|baroque]] and the [[classical architecture|classic]] styles. There are works by artists of the [[Vienna Secession]], [[Art Nouveau]] and [[Art Deco]].

The buildings have many stone sculptures and carvings, particularly on large doors, which are hundreds of years old. The remains of old churches dot the central cityscape. Some three- to five-storey buildings have hidden inner courtyards and grottoes in various states of repair. Some cemeteries are of interest: for example, the [[Lychakiv Cemetery|Lychakivskiy Cemetery]] where the Polish elite was buried for centuries. Leaving the central area the [[architectural style]] changes radically as Soviet-era [[high-rise]] blocks dominate. In the centre of the city, the [[History of the Soviet Union|Soviet era]] is reflected mainly in a few modern-style national monuments and sculptures.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:StsPeterAndPaulChurchinLviv.jpg|[[Saints Peter and Paul Garrison Church (Lviv)|Saints Peter and Paul Garrison Church]] – An example of [[baroque]] style in Lviv
File:LvivEveningSummer2019.jpg|[[Bernardine Church, Lviv|Bernardine church and monastery]] in the style of Italian [[mannerism]]
File:ProspektSvobodyLviv.jpg|Early 20th century architecture in Lviv
File:LvivShevchenkoAve.JPG|Architecture of [[Shevchenko Avenue]]
File:SykhivChurch.jpg|[[The Nativity of the Holy Virgin Church]] was constructed in 1995–2001 in [[Sykhivskyi District|Sykhiv district]]
File:Lviv northern part of the city.jpg|The mixture of modern and Soviet-era architecture in the northern part of the city
</gallery>

===Monuments===
[[File:Lviv - Church of Transfiguration 01.jpg|thumb|upright|Inside the [[Church of Transfiguration, Lviv|Church of the Transfiguration]]]]
[[File:Успенская церковь в Львов.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Dormition Church, Lviv|Church of the Assumption]]]]
[[File:Chapel-of-Boim-family.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Chapel of the Boim family]]]]

Outdoor sculptures in the city commemorate many notable individuals and topics reflecting the rich and complex [[history of Lviv]]. There are monuments to [[Adam Mickiewicz]], [[Ivan Franko]], [[Daniel of Galicia|King Danylo]], [[Taras Shevchenko]], [[Ivan Fyodorov (printer)|Ivan Fedorov]], [[Solomiya Krushelnytska]], [[Ioan Potcoavă|Ivan Pidkova]], [[Mykhailo Hrushevskyi]], [[Pope John Paul II]], [[Jan Kiliński]], [[Ivan Trush]], [[Saint George]], [[Wojciech Bartosz Głowacki|Bartosz Głowacki]], the monument to the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]], to [[Nikifor]], [[The Good Soldier Švejk]], [[Stepan Bandera]], [[Leopold von Sacher-Masoch]], and many others.

During the [[interwar period]] there were monuments commemorating important figures of Polish history. Some of them were moved to the Polish "[[Recovered Territories]]" after World War II, like the [[Aleksander Fredro Monument in Wrocław|Monument to Aleksander Fredro]], which now is in [[Wrocław]], the [[John III Sobieski Monument in Gdańsk|Monument of King John III Sobieski]], which after 1945 was moved to [[Gdańsk]], and the monument of [[Kornel Ujejski]], which is now in [[Szczecin]]. A book market takes place around the monument to [[Ivan Fyodorov (printer)|Ivan Fеdorovych]], a typographer in the 16th century who fled Moscow and found a new home in Lviv.

New ideas came to Lviv during Austro–Hungarian rule. In the 19th century, many [[publishing]] houses, newspapers and magazines were established. Among these was the [[Ossolineum]] which was one of the most important Polish scientific libraries. Most Polish-language books and publications of the Ossolineum library are still kept in a local [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] church. In 1997 the Polish government asked the [[Government of Ukraine|Ukrainian government]] to return these documents to Poland. In 2003, Ukraine allowed access to these publications for the first time. In 2006, an office of the Ossolineum (now in [[Wrocław]]) opened in Lviv and began scanning all its documents. Works written in Lviv contributed to Austrian, [[Ukrainian literature|Ukrainian]], Yiddish, and [[Polish literature]], with a multitude of translations.

The [[Stepan Bandera monument in Lviv]], which stands in front of the Stele of Ukraine Monument, is a statue dedicated to nationalist leader and Nazi collaborator, Stepan Bandera, a controversial twentieth century Ukrainian symbol of nationalism who participated in the massacre of thousands of Poles and Jews.

===Religion===
Lviv is a city of religious variety. [[Religion]] (2012): Catholic: 57% ([[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] 56% and [[Roman Catholic Church]] 1%), [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox]]: 32%, [[Protestantism]]: 2%, [[Judaism]]: 0.1%, Other religion: 3%, Indifferent to religious matters: 4%, [[Atheism]]: 1.9%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://city-institute.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=231:who-is-he-the-citizen-of-lviv&catid=1:latest|title=Who is he, the citizen of Lviv?|date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045226/http://city-institute.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=231:who-is-he-the-citizen-of-lviv&catid=1:latest |access-date=7 August 2023|archive-date=29 April 2014 }}</ref>

====Christianity====
At one point, over 60 churches existed in the city. Christian groups have existed in the city since the 13th century. The city has been the [[episcopal see]] of three different [[particular church]]es of [[Catholic Church]]: The [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv]] of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv|Archdiocese of Lviv]] of the [[Latin Church]], and formerly the [[Armenian Catholic Church in Ukraine|Armenian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv]] of the [[Armenian Catholic Church]]. Each has had a diocesan seat in Lviv since the 16th century. At the end of the 16th century, the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] community in Ukraine [[Union of Brest|transferred their allegiance]] to the [[Pope]] in Rome and became the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]. This bond was forcibly dissolved in 1946 by the Soviet authorities and the Roman Catholic community was forced out by the expulsion of the Polish population. Since 1989, religious life in Lviv has experienced a revival. About 35 percent of religious buildings belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, 11.5 percent to the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]], 9 per cent to the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate|Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate]] and 6 per cent to the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]].

In June 2001, [[Pope John Paul II]] visited the [[Latin Cathedral, Lviv|Latin Cathedral]], [[St. George's Cathedral, Lviv|St. George's Cathedral]] and the [[Armenian Cathedral, Lviv|Armenian Cathedral]].

====Judaism====
Lviv historically had a large and active [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jewish community]] and until 1941, at least 45 [[synagogue]]s and prayer houses existed. Even in the 16th century, two separate communities existed. One lived in today's old town with the other in the [[Krakowskie Przedmieście]]. The [[Golden Rose Synagogue (Lviv)|Golden Rose Synagogue]] was built in Lviv in 1582. In the 19th century, a more differentiated community started to spread out. [[Reform Judaism|Liberal Jews]] sought more [[cultural assimilation]] and spoke German and Polish. On the other hand, [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] and [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jews]] tried to retain the old traditions. Between 1941 and 1944, the Germans in effect completely destroyed the centuries-old Jewish tradition of Lviv. Most synagogues were destroyed and the Jewish population was forced first into a [[Nazi ghettos|ghetto]] before being forcibly transported to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]] where they were murdered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.holocaust.kiev.ua/eng/seminarse/lviv.htm#vip2 |title=International Forum:"Challenge of Holocaust and Its Lessons" |work=Lviv Polytechnic National University Regional Holocaust Study Center: Ukrainian Holocaust History Study Center |date=November 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308035832/http://www.holocaust.kiev.ua/eng/seminarse/lviv.htm |archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref>

Under the Soviet Union, synagogues remained closed and were used as warehouses or cinemas. The last functioning synagogue was closed in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Entry for L'viv |url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/lviv |publisher=[[YIVO]] |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116213137/https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/lviv |url-status=live }}</ref> Only since the fall of the [[Iron Curtain]], has the remainder of the Jewish community experienced a faint revival.

Currently, the only functioning Orthodox Jewish synagogue in Lviv is the [[Beis Aharon V'Yisrael Synagogue]].

===Arts===
[[File:Lwowska Galeria Sztuki - Wnętrza 01.JPG|thumb|A room in the [[Lviv National Art Gallery]]]]

The range of artistic Lviv is impressive. On the one hand, it is the city of classical art. Lviv Opera and Lviv Philharmonic are places that can satisfy the demands of true appraisers of the classical arts. This is the city of one of the most distinguished sculptors in Europe, [[Johann Georg Pinsel|Johann Georg Pinzel]], whose works can be seen on the façade of the [[St. George's Cathedral, Lviv|St. George's Cathedral]] in Lviv and in the Pinzel Museum. This is also the city of [[Solomiya Krushelnytska]], who began her career as a singer in Lviv Opera and later became the prima donna of [[La Scala|La Scala Opera]] in [[Milan]].

The "Group Artes" was a young movement founded in 1929. Many of the artists studied in Paris and travelled throughout Europe. They worked and experimented in different areas of modern art: [[Futurism]], [[Cubism]], [[New Objectivity]] and [[Surrealism]]. Co–operation took place between avant-garde musicians and authors. Altogether thirteen exhibitions by "''Artes''" took place in Warsaw, Kraków, Łódz and Lviv. The German occupation put an end to this group. Otto Hahn was executed in 1942 in Lviv and Aleksander Riemer was murdered in Auschwitz in 1943.<ref>Kosmolinska, Natalia (2007). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=KFbmtdibpIMC&pg=PA224 Ein Fenster zur Moderne: Das Atelier der Sielskis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=KFbmtdibpIMC&pg=PA224 |date=2 January 2016 }}." In: Hermann Simon, Irene Stratenwerth, & Ronald Hinrichs (Eds.), ''Lemberg: Eine Reise nach Europa'' Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. pp. 218–227; here: p. 224.</ref>

Henryk Streng and [[Margit Reich-Sielska]] were able to escape the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] (or Shoah). Most of the surviving members of Artes lived in Poland after 1945. Only Margit Reich-Sielska (1900–1980) and Roman Sielski (1903–1990) stayed in Soviet Lviv. For years the city was one of the most important cultural centres of Poland with such writers as [[Aleksander Fredro]], [[Gabriela Zapolska]], [[Leopold Staff]], [[Maria Konopnicka]] and [[Jan Kasprowicz]] living in Lviv.

Today Lviv is a city of fresh ideas and unusual characters. There are about 20 galleries ([[Lviv Municipal Art Center]], [[Dzyga Art Center|The "Dzyga" Gallery]], Art-Gallery "Primus", Gallery of the History of Ukrainian Military Uniforms, Gallery of Modern Art "Zelena Kanapa" and others). [[Lviv National Art Gallery]] is the largest museum of arts in Ukraine, with approximately 50,000 artworks, including paintings, sculptures and works of graphic art from Western and Eastern Europe, from the Middle Ages to the modern days.

===Theatre and opera===
[[File:Lviv Opera House.jpg|thumb|The [[Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet|Lviv Opera and Ballet Theatre]], an important cultural centre for residents and visitors]]
In 1842 the [[Skarbek Theatre]] was opened making it the third-largest theatre in [[Central Europe]]. In 1903 the [[Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet|Lviv National Opera]] house, which at that time was called the City-Theatre, was opened emulating the [[Vienna State Opera]] house. The house initially offered a changing repertoire such as classical dramas in German and [[Polish language]], opera, operetta, comedy and theatre.
The opera house is named after the Ukrainian opera diva [[Solomiya Krushelnytska|Salomea Krushelnytska]] who worked here.

In the [[Janowska concentration camp]], the Nazis conducted torture and executions to music. To do so they brought almost the whole Lviv National Opera to the camp. Professor Shtriks, opera conductor Mund and other famous Jewish musicians were among the members. From 1941 to 1944 the Nazis massacred 200,000 people including all 40 musicians.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Tango-Death-Story-Holocaust-Survivors/dp/B085HHMGMT/ |title=Tango of Death. A True Story of Holocaust Survivors |last=Baranovskiy |first=Mikhail |website=Amazon |date=202 |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818124211/https://www.amazon.com/Tango-Death-Story-Holocaust-Survivors/dp/B085HHMGMT |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nowadays [[Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet]] has a large creative group of performers who strive to maintain traditions of Ukrainian opera and classical ballet. The Theatre is a well-organized creative body where over 500 people work towards a common goal. The repertoire includes 10 Ukrainian music compositions. No other similar theatre in Ukraine has such a large number of [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] productions. There are also many operas written by foreign composers, and most of these operas are performed in the original language: ''Othello'', ''Aida'', ''La Traviata'', ''Nabucco'', and ''A Masked Ball'' by G. Verdi, ''Tosca'', ''La Bohème'' and ''Madame Butterfly'' by G. Puccini, ''Cavalleria Rusticana'' by P. Mascagni, and ''Pagliacci'' by R. Leoncavallo (in Italian); ''Carmen'' by G. Bizet (in French), ''The Haunted Manor'' by S. Moniuszko (in Polish)

===Museums and art galleries===
[[File:Zabytki Lwowa 106.jpg|thumb|upright|The main building of [[Lviv National Museum]]]]
Museum Pharmacy "Pid Chornym Orlom" (Beneath the Black Eagle) was founded in 1735 – it is the oldest pharmacy in Lviv. A museum related to pharmaceutical history was opened on the premises of the old pharmacy in 1966. The idea of creating such a museum had already come up in the 19th century. The Galician Association of Pharmacists was created in 1868. Members managed to assemble a small collection of exhibits, thus making the first step towards creating a new museum. The exhibition space has expanded considerably, with 16 exhibit rooms and a general exhibition surface totalling 700 sq. m. There are more than 3,000 exhibits in the museum. This is the only operating Museum Pharmacy in Ukraine and Europe.

The most notable of the museums are [[Lviv National Museum]] which houses the National Gallery. Its collection includes more than 140,000 unique items. The museum takes special pride in presenting the largest and most complete collection of medieval sacral art of the 12th to 18th centuries: icons, manuscripts, rare ancient books, decoratively carved pieces of art, metal and plastic artworks, and fabrics embroidered with gold and silver. The museum also boasts a unique monument of [[Ukrainian Baroque]] style: the Bohorodchansky Iconostasis. Exhibits include Ancient Ukrainian art from the 12th to 15th centuries, Ukrainian art from the 16th to 18th centuries, and Ukrainian art from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century.

The Museum of Ethnography and Crafts includes the Judaica collection of [[Maksymilian Goldstein]].

Of curiosity is the [[Museum of Salo]] opened in 2011.

===Music===
Lviv has an active musical and cultural life. Apart from the Lviv Opera, it has symphony orchestras, chamber orchestras and the Trembita Chorus. Lviv has one of the most prominent music academies and music colleges in Ukraine, the [[Lviv Conservatory]], and a factory for stringed musical instruments. Lviv has been the home of numerous composers, such as Mozart's son [[Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart]], [[Stanyslav Lyudkevych|Stanislav Liudkevych]], [[Wojciech Kilar]] and [[Mykola Kolessa]].

Flute virtuoso and composer [[Franz Doppler|Albert Franz Doppler]] (1821–1883) was born and spent his formative years here, including flute lessons from his father. The classical pianist [[Mieczysław Horszowski]] (1892–1993) was born here. The opera diva [[Solomiya Krushelnytska|Salomea Kruszelnicka]] called Lviv her home from the 1920s to 1930s. The classical violinist Adam Han Gorski was born here in 1940. "''[[Polish Radio Lwów]]''" was a [[Polskie Radio|Polish radio]] station that went on air on 15 January 1930. The programme proved very popular in Poland. [[Classical music]] and entertainment was aired as well as lectures, readings, youth programmes, news and liturgical services on Sunday.
[[File:PikkardiyskaTertsia01.jpg|thumb|[[Pikkardiyska Tertsiya]] – Ukrainian a cappella musical formation]]
Popular throughout Poland was the [[Wesoła Lwowska Fala|Comic Lwów Wave]] a [[cabaret]]-revue with [[musical composition|musical pieces]]. Jewish artists contributed a great part to this artistic activity. Composers such as [[Henryk Wars]], songwriters [[Emanuel Szlechter]] and [[Wiktor Budzyński (song writer)|Wiktor Budzyński]], the actor [[Wesoła Lwowska Fala|Mieczysław Monderer]] and [[Wesoła Lwowska Fala|Adolf Fleischer]] ("''Aprikosenkranz und Untenbaum''") worked in Lviv. The most notable stars of the shows were [[Henryk Vogelfänger]] and [[Kazimierz Wajda]] who appeared together as the comic duo "Szczepko and Tońko" and were similar to [[Laurel and Hardy]].

The Lviv Philharmonic is a major cultural centre with a long history and traditions that complement Ukraine's entire culture. From the stage of Lviv Philharmonic began their way to the great art world-famous Ukrainian musicians [[Oleh Krysa]], Oleksandr Slobodyanik, Yuriy Lysychenko, and Maria Chaikovska, as well as the younger musicians E. Chupryk, Y. Ermin, Oksana Rapita, and Olexandr Kozarenko. Lviv Philharmonic is one of Ukraine's leading concert institutions. Its activities include international festivals, cycles of concerts-monographs, and concerts with young musicians.

The Chamber Orchestra "Lviv virtuosos" was organised by the best Lviv musicians in 1994. The orchestra consists of 16–40 persons / it depends on programmes/ and in the repertoire are included the musical compositions from Bach, Corelli to modern Ukrainian and European composers. During the short time of its operation, the orchestra acquired the professional level of the best European standards. It is mentioned in more than 100 positive articles by Ukrainian and foreign musical critics.

Lviv is the hometown of the Vocal formation "[[Pikkardiyska Tertsiya]]" and [[Eurovision Song Contest 2004]] winner [[Ruslana]] who has since become well known in Europe and the rest of the world. PikkardiyskaTertsia was created on 24 September 1992 in Lviv and has won many musical awards. It all began with a quartet performing ancient Ukrainian music from the 15th century, along with adaptations of traditional [[Ukrainian folk music|Ukrainian folk songs]].

[[Lviv Organ Hall]] is a place where classical music (organ, symphonic, cameral) and art meet together. 50,000 visitors each year, dozens of musicians from all over the world.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Lviv is also the hometown of one of the most successful and popular Ukrainian rock bands, [[Okean Elzy]].

===Universities and academia===
[[File:Львівський університет ім, Франка.jpg|thumb|The front [[Facade|façade]] of the [[Lviv University]], the oldest university in Ukraine]]
[[Lviv University]] is one of the oldest in Central Europe and was founded as a [[Society of Jesus]] (Jesuit) school in 1608. Its prestige greatly increased through the work of philosopher [[Kazimierz Twardowski]] (1866–1938) who was one of the founders of the [[Lwów-Warsaw School of Logic]]. This [[school of thought]] set benchmarks for academic research and [[education]] in Poland. The Polish politician of the interbellum period [[Stanisław Głąbiński]] had served as dean of the law department (1889–1890) and as the university rector (1908–1909). In 1901 the city was the seat of the [[Lwów Scientific Society]] among whose members were major scientific figures. The most well-known were the mathematicians [[Stefan Banach]], [[Juliusz Schauder]] and [[Stanislaw Ulam|Stanisław Ulam]] who were founders of the [[Lwów School of Mathematics]] turning Lviv in the 1930s into the "World Centre of Functional Analysis" and whose share in Lviv academia was substantial.

In 1852 in [[Dublany, Podlaskie Voivodeship|Dublany]] ({{cvt|8|km|mi|spell=in|abbr=off}} from the outskirts of Lviv) the [[Agricultural Academy in Dublany|Agricultural Academy]] was opened and was one of the first Polish agricultural colleges. The academy was merged with the [[Lviv Polytechnic]] in 1919. Another important college of the interbellum period was the [[Academy of Foreign Trade in Lwów]].

In 1873 Lviv has founded [[Shevchenko Scientific Society]] from the beginning it attracted the financial and intellectual support of writers and patrons of [[Ukrainian culture|Ukrainian]] background.

In 1893 due to the change in its statute, the Shevchenko Scientific Society was transformed into a real scholarly multidisciplinary academy of sciences. Under the presidency of the historian, [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]], it greatly expanded its activities, contributing to both the humanities and the physical sciences, law and medicine, but most specifically once again it was concentrated on Ukrainian studies.
The Soviet Union annexed the eastern half of the Second Polish Republic including the city of Lwów which capitulated to the Red Army on 22 September 1939. Upon their occupation of Lviv, the Soviets dissolved the Shevchenko society. Many of its members were arrested and either imprisoned or executed.

The local administration regularly organizes readings and events in honor of Nazi collaborators in World War II, participants in the Holocaust, such as Roman Shukhevych and the Nachtigall Battalion:

https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Xvpi3b65b/

===Mathematics===
[[File:Hotel-Atlas-2014.JPG|thumb|upright|The building of the former Scottish Café]]
Lviv was the home of the [[Scottish Café]], where in the 1930s and the early 1940s, Polish [[mathematician]]s from the [[Lwów School of Mathematics]] met and spent their afternoons discussing mathematical problems. [[Stanislaw Ulam|Stanisław Ulam]] who was later a participant in the [[Manhattan Project]] and the proposer of the [[Teller–Ulam design|Teller-Ulam design]] of [[Nuclear weapon design|thermonuclear weapons]], [[Stefan Banach]] one of the founders of [[functional analysis]], [[Hugo Steinhaus]], [[Karol Borsuk]], [[Kazimierz Kuratowski]], [[Mark Kac]] and many other notable mathematicians would gather there.<ref name="Ulam">Stanislaw M. Ulam, ''Adventures of a Mathematician'', New York: [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], 1976. {{ISBN|0-684-15064-6}}</ref> The café building now houses the Atlas Deluxe Hotel at 27 Taras Shevchenko Prospekt (prewar Polish street name: ''ulica Akademicka'').<ref>[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Miscellaneous/Scottish_Cafe.html "The Scottish Café in Lvov"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929145904/http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Miscellaneous/Scottish_Cafe.html |date=29 September 2007 }}, at the [[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]].</ref> Mathematician [[Zygmunt Janiszewski]] died in Lviv on 3 January 1920.

===Print and media===
Ever since the early 1990s, Lviv has been the spiritual home of the post-independence Ukrainian-language publishing industry.
Lviv Book Forum (International Publishers' Forum) is the biggest book fair in Ukraine. Lviv is the centre of promotion of the [[Ukrainian Latin alphabet]] (Latynka).
The most popular newspapers in Lviv are "[[Vysoky Zamok (newspaper)|Vysoky Zamok]]", "[[Ekspres]]", "Lvivska hazeta", "Ratusha", Subotna poshta", "Hazeta po-lvivsky", "Postup" and others. Popular magazines include "Lviv Today", "Chetver", "RIA" and "Ї". "Lviv Today" is a Ukrainian English-speaking magazine, whose content includes information about the business, advertisement and entertainment spheres in Lviv, and the country in general.

The Lviv oblast television company transmits on channel 12. There are three private television channels operating from Lviv: "LUKS", "NTA" and "ZIK".

There are 17 regional and all-Ukrainian radio stations operating in the city.

A number of information agencies exist in the city such as "ZIK", "Zaxid.net", "Гал-info", "Львівський портал" and others.

Lviv is home to one of the oldest Polish-language newspapers {{Lang|pl|[[Gazeta Lwowska]]}} which was first published in 1811 and still exists in a bi-weekly form.
Among other publications were such titles as
*''Kurier Lwowski'': associated with people's movement which existed from 1883 to 1935. Among the writers who cooperated with it were such renowned names as [[Eliza Orzeszkowa]], [[Jan Kasprowicz]], [[Bolesław Limanowski]], [[Władysław Orkan]] as well as [[Ivan Franko]],
*''Słowo Lwowskie'' (1895–1939): A right-wing daily which cooperated with [[Władysław Reymont]], [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]], [[Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer|Kazimierz Tetmajer]], [[Leopold Staff]], [[Jerzy Żuławski]] and [[Gabriela Zapolska]]. Among its editors-in-chief was [[Stanisław Grabski]]. In the early 20th century ''Słowo'''s circulation was 20,000 and it was the first Polish newspaper to publish a serialisation of Reymont's novel ''[[Chłopi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reporterzy.info/article.php?go=historia,13,slowo_polskie_dziennik_z_ponadstuletnia_tradycja |title=Slowo Polskie – a daily with 100-year tradition |publisher=Reporterzy.info |date=20 November 2007 |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315054852/https://reporterzy.info/13,slowo-polskie-dziennik-z-ponadstuletnia-tradycj.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After World War II Słowo was moved to [[Wrocław]] with first postwar issue published on 1 November 1946.
*''[[Czerwony Sztandar (Lviv newspaper)|Czerwony Sztandar]]'': A Soviet daily published between 1939 and 1941.
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2011}}
<!--''Not sure about the notability of some of these following publications '' -->
Starting in the 20th century a new movement started with authors from Central Europe. In Lviv a small [[Neo-romanticism|neo-romantic]] group of authors formed around the [[lyricist]] Schmuel Jankev Imber.{{Who|date=March 2011}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} Small print offices produced collections of modern poems and [[short story|short stories]] and through emigration a large network<!-- Of what ? -->was established. A second smaller group{{Who|date=March 2011}} in the 1930s tried to create a connection between [[Avant-garde|avantgarde]] art and Yiddish culture. Members of this group were [[Debora Vogel]], [[Rachel Auerbach]] and [[Rachel Korn]]. The Holocaust destroyed this movement with Debora Vogel amongst many other Yiddish authors murdered by the Germans in the 1940s.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

===In cinema and literature===
*The book ''Tango of Death'' based on the true story of Jacob Mund, his orchestra, and dozens of thousands of other Jews who lived in Lviv at World War II. The book includes 60 documentary photos to show the violent truth of the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]]. 
*The 2011 film ''[[In Darkness (2011 film)|In Darkness]]'', Poland's entry in the [[84th Academy Awards]] category for Best Foreign Film, is based on a true incident in [[#German occupation|Nazi-occupied Lviv]].
*Some of the Austrian road-movie ''[[Blue Moon (2002 film)|Blue Moon]]'' was shot in Lviv.
*Parts of the film and novel ''[[Everything Is Illuminated]]'' take place in Lviv.
*Brian R. Banks' ''Muse & Messiah: The Life, Imagination & Legacy of [[Bruno Schulz]] (1892–1942)'' has several pages which discuss the history and cultural-social life of the Lviv region. The book includes a [[CD-ROM]] with many old and new photographs and the first English map of nearby [[Drohobych]].
*The book ''[[The Girl in the Green Sweater: A Life in Holocaust's Shadow]]'' by Krystyna Chiger takes place in Lviv.
*Large parts of 1997 film ''[[The Truce (1997 film)|The Truce]]'' depicting [[Primo Levi]]'s war experiences were shot in Lviv.
*Large portions of the film ''[[d'Artagnan and Three Musketeers]]'' were shot in central Lviv.
*The book ''[[The Lemberg Mosaic]]'' (2011) by Jakob Weiss describes Jewish L'viv (Lemberg/Lwow/Lvov) during the period 1910–1943, focusing primarily on the Holocaust and related events.
*In the book and film ''[[The Shoes of the Fisherman (disambiguation)|The Shoes of the Fisherman]]'' the Metropolitan Archbishop of Lviv is released from a Soviet [[labor camp]] and later elected [[Pope]]. 
*The 2015 film ''[[Varta 1 (2015 film)|Varta 1]]'', a movie which demonstrates the search for a new cinema features among young Ukrainian directors. The film uses the radio talks of the automobile patrols of activists of Lviv during EuroMaydan and it was made to create a better understanding of the nature of the revolution. The movie was shot and made in Lviv city.
*In the book ''East West Street: On the Origins of 'Genocide' and 'Crimes Against Humanity''', Philippe Sands, a professor of law at University College London, recounts the life and work of Hersch Lauterpacht who introduced to international law the concept of the crime against humanity and Raphael Lemkin that of genocide. Both men lived and studied in Lviv.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lévy |first=Bernard-Henri |date=2016-05-23 |title='East West Street,' by Philippe Sands |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/29/books/review/east-west-street-by-philippe-sands.html |access-date=2023-02-25 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228123259/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/29/books/review/east-west-street-by-philippe-sands.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Parks===
[[File:Центральна алея парку восени.jpg|thumb|right|Ivan Franko Park]]
Lviv's architectural face is complemented and enriched with numerous parks, and public gardens. There are over 20 basic recreation park zones, three botanical gardens and 16 natural monuments. They offer a splendid chance to escape from city life or simply sit for a while among the trees, at a nice fountain or a lake. Each park has its individual character which reflects through various monuments and their individual history.

*[[Ivan Franko Park]], is the oldest park in the city. Traces of that time may be found in three-hundred-year-old oak and maple trees. Upon the abrogation of the Jesuit order in 1773 the territory became the town property. A well-known gardener Bager arranged the territory in the landscape style, and most of the trees were planted within 1885–1890.
*[[Bohdan Khmelnytsky Culture and Recreation Park]], is one of the best organised and modern green zones containing a concert and dance hall, stadium, the town of attractions, central stage, numerous cafes and restaurants. In the park, there is a Ferris wheel.
[[File:Стрийський парк, осінь.jpg|thumb|Stryiskyi Park]]
*[[Stryiskyi Park]], is on the hills of the Lviv Heights is considered one of the most picturesque parks in the city.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Stryiskyi Park |url=https://lia.lvivcenter.org/en/objects/park-stryiskyi/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Lviv Interactive |language=en}}</ref> Designed in the 1870s by architect Arnold Roering,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lviv old photos, Ukraine |url=https://retrophotos.org/lviv |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=retrophotos.org}}</ref> the park hosted around 1.1 million visitors to the Regional Exhibition of 1894,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Following the Steps of the 1894 General Regional Exhibition in Lviv |url=https://www.lvivcenter.org/en/spatial/general-regional-exhibition/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Lvivcenter |language=en-US}}</ref> which was held inside the park's almost 50 hectares (approximately 120 acres).<ref name="auto2"/>  The park numbers over 200 species of trees and plants. It is well known for a vast collection of rare and valuable trees and bushes. At the main entrance gate, you will find a pond with swans.  Stryiskyi Park features a fountain statue of folk character, [[Ivasyk-Telesyk|Ivasyk Telesyk]], riding geese.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Ivasyk-Telesyk" fountain in Stryiskyi park |url=https://uma.lvivcenter.org/en/photos/3718 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Urban Media Archive |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Znesinnia Regional Landscape Park|Znesinnia Park]] is an ideal site for cycling, skiing sports, and hiking. Public organisations favour conducting summer camps here (ecological and educational, educational and cognitive).
*[[Shevchenkivskyi Hai]], in the park there is an open-air museum of Ukrainian wooden architecture.
*[[High Castle Park]], the park is situated on the highest city hill ({{cvt|413|m|ft|abbr=off|disp=or}}) and occupies the territory of {{cvt|36|ha|abbr=off}} consisting of the lower terrace once called Knyazha Hora (Prince Mount), and the upper terrace with a television tower and artificial embankment.
*[[Zalizni Vody Park]], the park originated from the former garden Zalizna Voda (Iron water) combining Snopkivska street with Novyi Lviv district. The park owes its name to the springs with high iron concentration. This beautiful park with ancient beech trees and numerous paths is a favourite place for many locals.
*[[Lychakivskyi Park]], founded in 1892 and named after the surrounding suburbs. A botanic garden is situated on the park territory, founded in 1911 and occupying the territory of {{cvt|18.5|ha|1|abbr=off}}.