Editing Ljubljana (section)

==Culture==
===Accent===
The Ljubljana accent and/or dialect ({{langx|sl|ljubljanščina}} {{IPA|sl|luːblɑːŋʃnɑː||lublansna.ogg}}) is considered a border dialect, since Ljubljana is situated where the [[Upper Carniolan dialect group|Upper]] dialect and [[Lower Carniolan dialect group]] meet. Historically,<ref name="Osnove Trubarjevega jezika2">{{cite journal |last1=Rigler |first1=Jakob |date=1965 |title=Osnove Trubarjevega jezika |journal=Jezik in slovstvo |volume=10 |issue=6–7}}</ref> the Ljubljana dialect in the past displayed features more similar with the Lower Carniolan dialect group, but it gradually grew closer to the Upper dialect group, as a direct consequence of mass migration from Upper Carniola into Ljubljana in the 19th and 20th century. Ljubljana as a city grew mostly to the north, and gradually incorporated many villages that were historically part of [[Upper Carniola]] and so its dialect shifted away and closer to the [[Upper Carniolan dialect group|Upper]] dialects. The Ljubljana dialect has also been used as a literary means in novels, such as in the novel ''Nekdo drug'' by [[Branko Gradišnik]],<ref name="Gjurin_Gradisnik2">{{cite web |title=Velemir Gjurin: Beseda avtorju. In: Nekdo drug |url=http://www.cobiss.si/scripts/cobiss?command=DISPLAY&base=cobib&lani=en&rid=16904448 |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-date=1 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601045546/http://www.cobiss.si/scripts/cobiss?command=DISPLAY&base=cobib&lani=en&rid=16904448 |url-status=live }}</ref> or in poems, such as ''Pika Nogavička'' (Slovene for [[Pippi Longstocking]]) by [[Andrej Rozman - Roza]].<ref name="Blažič_Rozman2">{{cite web |title=Ljubljanščina in druga stilna sredstva v besedilih Andreja Rozmana Roze na primeru Pike Nogavičke. In: Slovenska narečja med sistemom in rabo |url=http://www.cobiss.si/scripts/cobiss?command=DISPLAY&base=cobib&lani=en&rid=37473378 |access-date=25 July 2012 |publisher=Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete |archive-date=1 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601050124/http://www.cobiss.si/scripts/cobiss?command=DISPLAY&base=cobib&lani=en&rid=37473378 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The central position of Ljubljana and its dialect had crucial impact<ref name="Osnove Trubarjevega jezika2" /> on the development of the Slovenian language. It was the speech of 16th century Ljubljana that [[Primož Trubar]] a Slovenian [[Protestant Reformers|Protestant Reformer]] took as a foundation of what later became standard [[Slovenian language]], with a small addition of his native speech, the [[Lower Carniolan dialect]].<ref name="Osnove Trubarjevega jezika2" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rigler |first1=Jakob |date=1965 |title=Nekdanja ljubljanščina kot osnova Trubarjevega jezika |journal=Začetki Slovenskega Knjižnega Jezika |pages=100–110}}</ref> While in Ljubljana, he lived in a house, on today's Ribji trg, in the oldest part of the city. Living in Ljubljana had a profound impact on his work; he considered Ljubljana the capital of all [[Slovenes]], not only because of its central position in the heart of the [[Slovene lands]], but also because it always had an essentially Slovene character. Most of its inhabitants spoke Slovene as their mother tongue, unlike other cites in today's [[Slovenia]]. It is estimated that in Trubar's time around 70% of Ljubljana's 4000 inhabitants attended mass in Slovene.<ref name="Osnove Trubarjevega jezika2" /> Trubar considered Ljubljana's speech most suitable, since it sounded much more noble than his own simple dialect of his hometown [[Rašica, Velike Lašče|Rašica]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rigler |first1=Jakob |date=1968 |title=Začetki slovenskega knjižnega jezika. The Origins of the Slovene Literary Language, Ljubljana: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti |journal=Razred Za Filoloske in Literarne Vede |volume=22}}</ref> Trubar's choice was later adopted also by other Protestant writers in the 16th century, and ultimately led to a formation of a more standard language.

===In literary fiction===
Ljubljana appears in the 2005 ''[[The Historian]]'', written by [[Elisabeth Kostova]], and is called by its Roman name (Emona).<ref>''[[The Historian]]'', [http://www.bookbrowse.com/excerpts/index.cfm/book_number/1589/page_number/3/the-historian excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601004314/https://www.bookbrowse.com/excerpts/index.cfm/book_number/1589/page_number/3/the-historian |date=1 June 2024 }} from the novel, p.3-4</ref>

Ljubljana is also the setting of [[Paulo Coelho]]'s 1998 novel ''[[Veronika Decides to Die]]''.

During 2010, Ljubljana was designated as the [[World Book Capital]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-18 |title=Ljubljana chosen by UN cultural agency as 2010 World Book Capital |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2008/06/263292-ljubljana-chosen-un-cultural-agency-2010-world-book-capital |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=UN News |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419134007/https://news.un.org/en/story/2008/06/263292-ljubljana-chosen-un-cultural-agency-2010-world-book-capital |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Festivals===
Each year, over 10,000 cultural events take place in the city, including ten international theatre, music, and art festivals.<ref name="InfoIntro2" /> The [[Ljubljana Festival]] is one of the two oldest festivals in former Yugoslavia (the [[Dubrovnik Summer Festival]] was established in 1950, and the Ljubljana Festival one in 1953). Guests have included [[Dubravka Tomšič]], [[Marjana Lipovšek]], [[Tomaž Pandur]], [[Katia Ricciarelli]], [[Grace Bumbry]], [[Yehudi Menuhin]], [[Mstislav Rostropovich]], [[José Carreras]], [[Slide Hampton]], [[Zubin Mehta]], [[Vadim Repin]], [[Valery Gergiev]], [[Andrew Davis (conductor)|Sir Andrew Davis]], [[Danjulo Ishizaka]], [[Midori (violinist)]], [[Yuri Bashmet]], [[Ennio Morricone]], and [[The Manhattan Transfer|Manhattan Transfer]]. Orchestras have included the [[New York Philharmonic]], [[Israel Philharmonic]], [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]], Orchestras of the [[Bolshoi Theatre]] from [[Moscow]], [[La Scala]] from [[Milan]], and [[Mariinsky Theatre]] from [[Saint Petersburg]]. In recent years there have been 80 kinds of events and some 80,000 visitors from Slovenia and abroad.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} Other cultural venues include [[Križanke]], [[Cankar Hall]] and the [[Exhibition and Convention Centre (Ljubljana)|Exhibition and Convention Centre]]. During Book Week, starting each year on [[World Book Day]], events and book sales take place at [[Congress Square]]. A [[flea market]] is held every Sunday in the old city.<ref name="Pointinteret2">{{cite web |title=Museums |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/tourism/ljubljana/points_of_interest/museums/default.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231040254/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/tourism/ljubljana/points_of_interest/museums/default.html |archive-date=31 December 2007 |access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref> On the evening of [[International Workers' Day]], a celebration with a [[bonfire]] takes place on [[Rožnik Hill]].

===Museums and art galleries===
[[File:Slovenian_Railway_Museum_2010.JPG|right|thumb|Interior of the Slovenian Railway Museum]]
[[File:NationalGallery-Ljubljana.JPG|left|thumb|Main building of the Slovenian National Gallery]]
Ljubljana has numerous [[Art museum|art galleries]] and museums. The first purpose-built art gallery in Ljubljana was the [[Jakopič Pavilion]], which was in the first half of the 20th century the central exhibition venue of Slovene artists. In the early 1960s, it was succeeded by [[Ljubljana City Art Gallery]], which has presented a number of modern Slovene and foreign artists. In 2010, there were 14 museums and 56 art galleries in Ljubljana.<ref name="InNumbers2">{{cite web |title=Ljubljana in Figures |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/ljubljana-in-numbers/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419120715/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/ljubljana-in-numbers |archive-date=19 April 2012 |access-date=23 April 2012 |publisher=City Municipality of Ljubljana |df=dmy-all}}</ref> There is for example an architecture museum, [[Slovenian Railway Museum|a railway museum]], a school museum, a sports museum, a museum of modern art, a museum of contemporary art, a [[Pivovarna Union|brewery museum]], the [[Slovenian Museum of Natural History]] and the Slovene Ethnographic Museum.<ref name="Pointinteret2" /> The [[National Gallery of Slovenia|National Gallery]] ({{lang|sl|Narodna galerija}}), founded in 1918,<ref name="Histo52" /> and the [[Museum of Modern Art (Ljubljana)|Museum of Modern Art]] ({{lang|sl|Moderna galerija}}) exhibit the [[List of Slovenian artists|most influential Slovenian artists]]. In 2006, the museums received 264,470 visitors, the galleries 403,890 and the theatres 396,440.<ref name="InNumbers2" /> The [[Metelkova Museum of Contemporary Art]] ({{lang|sl|Muzej sodobne umetnosti Metelkova}}), opened in 2011,<ref>Ginanne Brownell (2 December 2011), [http://travel.nytimes.com/2011/12/03/arts/03iht-rartljub03.html New Museum Opens for the Avant-Garde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331161816/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/03/arts/03iht-rartljub03.html |date=31 March 2024 }}, ''[[New York Times]]''</ref> hosts simultaneous exhibitions, a research library, archives, and a bookshop. The [[Škuc Gallery]] is a contemporary art gallery that opened in 1978.

===Entertainment and performing arts===
[[File:Ljubljanska_Opera_2.jpg|thumb|The front of the [[Slovene National Opera and Ballet Theatre|Opera and Ballet Theatre]]]]
[[File:SNG-Drama-Ljubljana.JPG|thumb|The Slovenian National Theatre]]
[[Cankar Hall]] is the largest Slovenian cultural and congress center with multiple halls and a large foyer in which art film festivals, artistic performances, book fairs, and other cultural events are held.

====Cinema====
The cinema in Ljubljana appeared for the first time at the turn of the 20th century, and quickly gained popularity among the residents. After World War II, the [[Cinema Company Ljubljana]], later named ''Ljubljana Cinematographers'', was established and managed a number of already functioning movie theatres in Ljubljana, including the only Yugoslav children's theatre. Cinema festivals took place in the 1960s, and a [[cinematheque]] opened its doors in 1963. With the advent of television, video, and recently the Internet, most cinema theatres in Ljubljana closed, and the cinema mainly moved to [[Kolosej]], a [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]] in the [[BTC City]]. It features twelve screens, including an [[IMAX 3D]] screen. The remaining theatres are [[Kino Komuna]], [[Kinodvor]], where art movies are accompanied by events, and the [[Slovenian Cinematheque]]. The [[Slovenian Cinematheque]] hosts the international [[Ljubljana LGBT Film Festival]] which showcases [[LGBT]]-themed films. Founded in 1984, it is the oldest film festival of its sort in Europe (with oldest ex SFRY LGBT+ march in [[Ljubljana Pride]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.lgbtfilmfest.si/en/about |access-date=3 March 2021 |website=36. lgbt film festival |publisher=Društvo ŠKUC |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512014644/https://www.lgbtfilmfest.si/en/about |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Classical music, opera and ballet====
The [[Slovenian Philharmonics]] is the central music institution in Ljubljana and Slovenia. It holds [[classical music]] concerts of domestic and foreign performers as well as educates youth. It was established in 1701 as part of [[Academia operosorum Labacensis]] and is among the oldest such institutions in Europe. The [[Slovene National Opera and Ballet Theatre]] also resides in Ljubljana, presenting a wide variety of domestic and foreign, modern and classic, opera, ballet and concert works. It serves as the national opera and ballet house. Music festivals are held in Ljubljana, chiefly in [[Classical music|European classical music]] and jazz, for instance the [[Ljubljana Summer Festival]] ({{lang|sl|Ljubljanski poletni festival}}), and [[Trnfest]].

====Theatre====
In addition to the main houses, with the [[Slovene National Theatre, Ljubljana|SNT Drama Ljubljana]] as the most important among them, a number of small producers are active in Ljubljana, involved primarily in [[physical theatre]] (e.g. [[Betontanc]]), [[street theatre]] (e.g. [[Ana Monró Theatre]]), [[theatresports]] championship [[Impro League]], and [[improvisational theatre]] (e.g. [[IGLU Theatre]]). A popular form is [[puppetry]], mainly performed in the [[Ljubljana Puppet Theatre]]. Theatre has a rich tradition in Ljubljana, starting with the 1867 first ever Slovene-language drama performance.

====Modern dance====
The [[modern dance]] was presented in Ljubljana for the first time at the end of the 19th century and developed rapidly since the end of the 1920s. Since the 1930s when in Ljubljana was founded a [[Mary Wigman]] dance school, the first one for modern dance in Slovenia, the field has been intimately linked to the development in Europe and the United States. [[Ljubljana Dance Theatre]] is today the only venue in Ljubljana dedicated to [[contemporary dance]]. Despite this, there's a vivid happening in the field.

====Folk dance====
Several [[folk dance]] groups are active in Ljubljana.

====Jazz====
In July 2015, the 56th Ljubljana Jazz Festival was held. A participant event in the European Jazz Network, the festival took place over four days and included 19 concerts with artists from 19 countries, including a celebration of the 75th birthday of [[James "Blood" Ulmer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ljubljana Jazz Festival – July 2015 – Europe Jazz Network |url=http://www.europejazz.net/articles/ljubljana-jazz-festival-july-2015 |work=europejazz.net |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906004746/http://www.europejazz.net/articles/ljubljana-jazz-festival-july-2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Popular urban culture and alternative scene===
[[File:20190510_KinoSiska_01_PhotoNejcKetis.jpg|thumb|[[Kino Šiška Centre for Urban Culture]] in Ljubljana]]
[[File:Metelkova_mesto6.jpg|thumb|''The Barn'' building located in [[Metelkova]], the Ljubljana equivalent of the Copenhagen's [[Freetown Christiania]].]]
In the 1980s with the emergence of [[subculture]]s in Ljubljana, an alternative culture began to develop in Ljubljana organised around two student organisations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gržinić |first1=Marina |title=Culture and Technology in the New Europe: Civic Discourse in Transformation |last2=B. Lengel |first2=Laura |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-56750-466-8 |pages=198–202 |chapter=Video as Civic Discourse in Slovenia and the Former Yugoslavia: Strategies of Visualization and the Aesthetics of Video in the New Europe: Ljubljana's Alternative or Subculture(e/al) Movement |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsEpW9kbyosC&pg=PA198 |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222170728/https://books.google.com/books?id=jsEpW9kbyosC&pg=PA198 |url-status=live }}</ref> This caused an influx of young people to the city centre, caused political and social changes, and led to the establishment of alternative art centres.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dawisha |first1=Karen |title=Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia at Peace and at War: Selected Writings, 1983–2007 |last2=Parrot |first2=Bruce |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-03735-912-9 |editor-last=P. Ramet |editor-first=Sabrina |page=227 |chapter=Democratization in Slovenia–The Second Stage |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hE3oIMB6aj8C&pg=PA227 |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222170728/https://books.google.com/books?id=hE3oIMB6aj8C&pg=PA227 |url-status=live }}</ref>

; Metelkova and Rog

A Ljubljana equivalent of Copenhagen's [[Freetown Christiania]], a self-proclaimed autonomous [[Metelkova]] neighbourhood, was set up in a former Austro-Hungarian barracks that was built in 1882.<ref name="Metelkova2">{{cite web |title=Metelkova |url=http://www.ljubljana-life.com/ljubljana/metelkova |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=ljubljana-life.com |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719081859/http://www.ljubljana-life.com/ljubljana/metelkova |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Metelkova mesto2">{{cite web |title=Metelkova mesto |url=https://www.culture.si/en/Metelkova_mesto_Autonomous_Cultural_Zone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923124352/https://www.culture.si/en/Metelkova_mesto_Autonomous_Cultural_Zone |archive-date=23 September 2018 |access-date=23 September 2018 |publisher=culture.si}}</ref>

In 1993, the seven buildings and {{Convert|12500|m2}} of space were turned into art galleries, artist studios, and seven nightclubs, including two LGBTQ+ venues, playing host to music from hardcore to jazz to dub to techno. Celica Hostel is adjacent to Metelkova<ref name="CelicaHostel2">{{cite web |title=Celica Hostel |url=http://www.ljubljana-life.com/sleep/hotels_details/9-Celica_Hostel |access-date=7 August 2012 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331161821/https://www.local-life.com/ljubljana/hotels/9-Celica_Hostel |url-status=live }}</ref> with rooms artistically decorated by Metelkova artists. A new part of the Museum of Modern Art is the nearby Museum of Contemporary Art.<ref name="CalgaryHerald2">{{cite news |date=21 July 2012 |title=Lovely Ljubljana; Its name is hard to pronounce, but the city's easy to love and explore |newspaper=[[The Calgary Herald]] |url=https://theprovince.com/travel/Ljubljana+easy+love+explore/6912326/story.html |access-date=7 August 2012}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Another alternative culture centre is located in the former [[Rog (factory)|Rog factory]]. Both [[Metelkova]] and the [[Rog (factory)|Rog factory]] complex are near the city centre.

In 2023, the Rog factory underwent a complete renovation and rebranding, and it is now known as Center Rog. Center Rog has nineteen project studios and five residential apartments in addition to a new branch of the Ljubljana City Library (Rog Library), a large exhibition and event hall, a café, bistro, and restaurant, and several shops with local products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Center Rog |url=https://www.ljubljana.si/sl/moja-ljubljana/ljubljana-zate/projekti-mol/obnova-roga/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=www.ljubljana.si |language=sl}}</ref>

; Šiška Cultural Quarter

Šiška Cultural Quarter hosts art groups and cultural organisations dedicated to contemporary and avant-garde arts. [[Kino Šiška Centre for Urban Culture]] is there, a venue offering concerts of indie, punk, and rock bands as well as exhibitions take place. The Museum of Transitory Art (MoTA) is a museum without a permanent collection or a fixed space. Its programs are realised in temporary physical and virtual spaces dedicated to advancing the research, production and presentation of transitory, experimental, and live art forms. Yearly MoTA organises the Sonica Festival. Ljudmila (since 1994), which strives to connect research practices, technologies, science, and art.