Editing Kolkata (section)

== Healthcare ==
{{See also|Healthcare in Kolkata}}
[[File:Mchbuilding.JPG|thumb|[[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]]]]
{{As of|2011}}, the healthcare system in Kolkata consists of 48&nbsp;government hospitals, mostly under the [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)|Department of Health & Family Welfare]], Government of West Bengal, and 366&nbsp;private medical establishments;<ref name="hospital2011">{{cite web |title=Medical institutions and sanctioned no. of beds in districts of West Bengal as on 30.11.2011 |url=http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/Health_Stat/2010_2011/6/VI.2.pdf |publisher=Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal |access-date=1 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202040137/http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/Health_Stat/2010_2011/6/VI.2.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012 }}</ref> these establishments provide the city with 27,687 hospital beds.<ref name="hospital2011" /> For every 10,000&nbsp;people in the city, there are 61.7&nbsp;hospital beds,<ref name="hospital">The population (4,486,679) and hospital beds (27,687) have been used to derive this rate.</ref> which is higher than the national average of 9&nbsp;hospital beds per 10,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hospital beds |url=http://apps.who.int/ghodata/cache/global/xls/vid.1860.xls |publisher=World Health Organistation |access-date=31 January 2012 |format=XLS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709021137/http://apps.who.int/ghodata/cache/global/xls/vid.1860.xls |archive-date=9 July 2012 }}</ref> Ten [[Education in Kolkata#Medical Colleges|medical and dental colleges]] are located in the Kolkata metropolitan area which act as [[tertiary referral hospital]]s in the state.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Mansi |title=Waiting for health care: a survey of a public hospital in Kolkata |url=http://ccs.in/ccsindia/downloads/intern-papers-08/Waiting-for-Healthcare-A-survey-of-a-public-hospital-in-Kolkata-Mansi.pdf |publisher=[[Centre for Civil Society]] |access-date=31 January 2012 |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813070438/http://ccs.in/ccsindia/downloads/intern-papers-08/Waiting-for-Healthcare-A-survey-of-a-public-hospital-in-Kolkata-Mansi.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Husain |first1=Zakir |last2=Ghosh |first2=Saswata |last3=Roy |first3=Bijoya |title=Socio economic profile of patients in Kolkata: a case study of RG Kar and AMRI |url=http://www.idsk.edu.in/annual-reports/OP-14.pdf |publisher=[[Institute of Development Studies, Kolkata]] |access-date=31 January 2012 |pages=19–20 |date=July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628145759/http://www.idsk.edu.in/annual-reports/OP-14.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2013 }}</ref> The [[Calcutta Medical College]], founded in 1835, was the first institution in Asia to teach modern medicine.<ref name="calmed">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050420/asp/careergraph/story_4638691.asp |title=Calcutta Medical College, Calcutta |access-date=20 October 2007 |last=Mitra |first=Dola |date=20 April 2005 |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012014300/http://telegraphindia.com/1050420/asp/careergraph/story_4638691.asp |archive-date=12 October 2007 }}</ref> However, these facilities are inadequate to meet the healthcare needs of the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitra |first=Prithvijit |title=On hospital floor for 12 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/On-hospital-floor-for-12-days-/articleshow/7921556.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710232805/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/kolkata/29400041_1_bed-floor-bike |archive-date=10 July 2012 |access-date=31 January 2012 |date=9 April 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |location=New Delhi }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mamata inducts two new ministers |url=http://www.sify.com/news/mamata-inducts-two-new-ministers-news-national-mbqrkkigffd.html |access-date=31 January 2012 |website=[[Sify]] |date=16 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509123211/http://www.sify.com/news/mamata-inducts-two-new-ministers-news-national-mbqrkkigffd.html |archive-date=9 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata woman gives birth on road, dies after no admission by hospitals |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Kolkata-woman-gives-birth-on-road-dies-after-no-admission-by-hospitals/Article1-796738.aspx |access-date=31 January 2012 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118125557/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Kolkata-woman-gives-birth-on-road-dies-after-no-admission-by-hospitals/Article1-796738.aspx |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> More than 78% in Kolkata prefer the private medical sector over the public medical sector,<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|109}} due to the overburdening of the public health sector, the lack of a nearby facility, and excessive waiting times at government facilities.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|61}}

According to the Indian 2005 National Family Health Survey, only a small proportion of Kolkata households were covered under any health scheme or [[health insurance]].<ref name="healthsurvey">{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Kamla |title=Health and living conditions in eight Indian cities |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADQ634.pdf |work=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005–06 |publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences; Calverton, Maryland, US |access-date=1 February 2012 |last2=Arnold |first2=Fred |last3=Lhungdim |first3=H. |location=Mumbai |year=2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212040205/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADQ634.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2012 }}</ref>{{rp|41}} The [[total fertility rate]] in Kolkata was 1.4, the lowest among the eight cities surveyed.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|45}} In Kolkata, 77% of the married women used [[contraceptive]]s, which was the highest among the cities surveyed, but use of modern contraceptive methods was the lowest (46%).<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|47}} The [[infant mortality rate]] in Kolkata was {{nowrap|41 per 1,000}} live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was {{nowrap|49 per 1,000}} live births.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|48}}

Among the surveyed cities, Kolkata stood second (5%) for children who had not had any vaccinations under the [[Universal Immunization Programme]] {{as of|2005|lc=on}}.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|48}} Kolkata ranked second with access to an ''[[anganwadi]]'' centre under the [[Integrated Child Development Services]] (ICDS) programme for 57% of the children between 0 and 71 months.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|51}} The proportion of [[malnutrition|malnourished]], [[anaemia|anaemic]] and [[underweight]] children in Kolkata was less in comparison to other surveyed cities.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|54–55}}

About 18% of the men and 30% of the women in Kolkata are [[obese]]—the majority of them belonging to the non-poor strata of society.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|105}} In 2005, Kolkata had the highest percentage (55%) among the surveyed cities of [[Anemia|anaemic]] women, while 20% of the men in Kolkata were anaemic.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|56–57}} Diseases like [[diabetes]], [[asthma]], [[goitre]] and other [[Thyroid#Clinical significance|thyroid disorders]] were found in large numbers of people.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|57–59}} Tropical diseases like [[malaria]], [[dengue]] and ''[[chikungunya]]'' are prevalent in Kolkata, though their incidence is decreasing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria, dengue down in Kolkata |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/malaria-dengue-down-in-kolkata/950430.html |access-date=26 February 2012 |publisher=IBNLive.in |date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117062950/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/malaria-dengue-down-in-kolkata/950430.html |archive-date=17 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KMC wins battle against malaria, dengue |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&show=archive&id=385831&catid=73&year=2011&month=10&day=8 |access-date=26 February 2012 |newspaper=The Statesman |date=7 October 2011 |location=Kolkata |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510201217/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&show=archive&id=385831&catid=73&year=2011&month=10&day=8 |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref> Kolkata is one of the districts in India with [[HIV/AIDS in India|a high number of people]] with [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]]; it has been designated a district prone to high risk.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual report 2009–10 |publisher=Department of AIDS Control, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India |url=http://nacoonline.org/upload/AR%202009-10/NACO_AR_English%20corrected.pdf |page=106 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020144353/http://nacoonline.org/upload/AR%202009-10/NACO_AR_English%20corrected.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2009–10 |url=http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/wbsapcs/report/Annual%20Report09-10Final.pdf |publisher=West Bengal State AIDS Prevention & Control Society |access-date=1 February 2012 |page=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201204531/http://wbhealth.gov.in/wbsapcs/report/Annual%20Report09-10Final.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2011 }}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, because of [[Air pollution in India|higher air pollution]], the [[life expectancy]] of a person born in the city is four years fewer than in the suburbs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Act-today-to-curb-pollution-say-docs/articleshow/3995843.cms?referral=PM |title=Act today to curb pollution, say docs – The Times of India |work=indiatimes.com |date=18 January 2009 |access-date=25 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104213213/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Act-today-to-curb-pollution-say-docs/articleshow/3995843.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 January 2017 }}</ref>