Editing Kewaunee County, Wisconsin (section)

==Public health==
According to calculations based on 2010–2014 data, children born in Kewaunee County have a life expectancy of 82.0 years, the highest out of all 72 Wisconsin counties.<ref>[https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/publications/p01551.pdf Life Expectancy in Wisconsin] by Karl Pearson and Reka Sundaram-Stukel, August 2016, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Office of Health Informatics, page 3 (page 5 of the pdf)</ref> From 2000 to 2010, the county premature death rate of persons younger than 75 years old fell 38.3%, the greatest reduction out of all Wisconsin counties.<ref>[https://wmstest.ancillapartners.com/_WMS/publications/wmj/pdf/112/5/211.pdf Progress in Reducing Premature Deaths in Wisconsin Counties, 2000-2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126062728/https://wmstest.ancillapartners.com/_WMS/publications/wmj/pdf/112/5/211.pdf |date=January 26, 2020 }} by Thomas Nonnweiler, Elizabeth A. Pollock, Barbara Rudolph, and Patrick L. Remington, ''Wisconsin Medical Journal, Vol. 112'', October 2013, p. 212</ref> In 2015, 89.1% of babies born in the county had a normal birth weight, compared to 92.6% for the state. The substance abuse and preventable hospitalization rates for the county were lower than for the state as a whole.<ref>[https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/publications/p4/p45358-2017-kewaunee.pdf Wisconsin Public Health Profile for Door County], 2017 compared to [https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/publications/p4/p45358-2017.pdf Wisconsin Public Health Profile for Wisconsin], 2017, Office of health informatics, Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services.</ref> Five-year ACS estimates for 2012-2016 found that Kewaunee County tied with 23 other counties in having the 675th lowest percentage of disabled residents under 65 years old out of all 3,145 US counties. 9.7% were disabled.<ref name=2018index/>

A CDC survey of people reporting frequent [[mental distress]] (14-30 mentally unhealthy days in the last 30 days, data aggregated over 2003–2009) found that people in Kewaunee County were more likely to be distressed than those in most [[List of counties in Wisconsin|Wisconsin counties]], but less likely to be distressed than those in the heavily urbanized southeast portion of the state.<ref>[https://www.ocregister.com/2017/11/11/a-look-at-the-prevalence-of-mental-illness-in-california-and-the-u-s/ A look at the prevalence of mental illness in California and the U.S.] by Kurt Snibbe, Orange County Register, November 11, 2017, accessed December 11, 2019.</ref>

From 2014 through 2017 reported cases of [[Lyme disease]] increased from 0 cases in 2014 to 5 cases in 2017.<ref>[https://dhsgis.wi.gov/DHS/EPHTracker/#/map/Lyme%20Disease/lymeIndex/NOTRACT/Cases/lymeCtyIndex1?token=2TGsEtH EPHTracker], Wisconsin Department of Public Health, Accessed January 17, 2020</ref>

In a study of car accident data from 1992 to 2001, the risk of incurring a severe traffic injury during a stretch of driving was found to be higher in Kewaunee County than in Door County, but Kewaunee County had fewer fatalities per 100 people severely injured than Door County. This was thought to be due to the shorter distance it took to get people injured in Kewaunee County to treatment, as the nearest hospital with a [[Trauma center#Level I|high level of trauma certification]] was [[St. Vincent Hospital]] in Green Bay.<ref>[http://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/_WMS/publications/wmj/pdf/104/2/26.pdf Geographic analysis of traffic injury in Wisconsin: impact on case fatality of distance to level I/II trauma care.] by Maureen Durkin, Jane A. Mcelroy, Hui Guan, Wayne Bigelow, Tom Brazelton, ''Wisconsin Medical Journal'' 2005 Feb; 104(2):26-31.</ref>

===Pollution===
[[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCBs]] from Green Bay have been deposited into the county as windborn dust<ref>[http://ir.nou.edu.tw/bitstream/987654321/207/1/B0110.pdf A Case Study of Atmospheric Dry Deposition] by Jim J. Lin, Department of Life Sciences, National Air University, Tapeii, 1998</ref> and off of [[Fox River (Green Bay tributary)#Environmental issues|contaminated waters]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0380133093712022 | doi=10.1016/S0380-1330(93)71202-2 | title=Atmospheric Deposition of PCBS into Green Bay | year=1993 | last1=Sweet | first1=Clyde W. | last2=Murphy | first2=Thomas J. | last3=Bannasch | first3=James H. | last4=Kelsey | first4=Cynthia A. | last5=Hong | first5=John | journal=Journal of Great Lakes Research | volume=19 | issue=1 | pages=109–128 | bibcode=1993JGLR...19..109S }}</ref>

The only [[superfund]] site in the county is the former Algoma Municipal Landfill.<ref>[https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0505095 Algoma Municipal Landfill], epa.gov, accessed January 19, 2020</ref>

As of 2020, the state listed the following waters in Kewaunee County as being impaired by pollution:
[[Ahnapee River]], Black Creek, Casco Creek, [[East Alaska Lake]], [[East Twin River (Wisconsin)|East Twin River]], Green Bay, Jambo Creek, [[Kewaunee River]], Krok Creek,<ref>Although Krok Creek (along with the East Twin River) is considered an impaired stream for phosphorus levels, a report in 2018 concluded that the "overall fish community in the Upper East Twin River watershed is in good to excellent condition." [http://www.co.kewaunee.wi.gov/docview.asp?docid=24259 Water Quality Surveys of the East Twin River (84000) and Unnamed Tributaries (3000211, 3000212, & 3000213) to the East Twin River, and Krok Creek (86700), Kewaunee County] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504231102/http://www.co.kewaunee.wi.gov/docview.asp?docid=24259 |date=May 4, 2020 }}, Blue Iris Environmental, 2018</ref>  Lake Michigan, Neshota River, Red River, School Creek, Silver Creek, and Stony Creek. Concerns varied from waterway to waterway, but included ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'', [[Mercury regulation in the United States#Water pollution|mercury]], PCBs, [[Nutrient pollution#Phosphorus|phosphorus]], sediment levels, and high levels of [[Total suspended solids|suspended solids]].<ref>[https://dnr.wi.gov/water/impairedSearch.aspx Impaired Search], Wisconsin DNR, Accessed January 17, 2020</ref>

Between 2010 and 2018, there were 76 state-documented manure spills in the county.<ref>[https://datcp.wi.gov/Documents/LWCBApril2019KewauneeCountyLWRMPlan.pdf Kewaunee County 2020-2029 Land & Water Resource Management Plan], Table 12. Kewaunee County Manure Spills, page 43, (page 54 of the pdf), Kewaunee County Land & Water Conservation Department, April 2019</ref> The likelihood of [[Groundwater pollution|well water contamination]] differs depending on which area of the county the well is located, as some areas have thicker layers of soil than others.<ref>[https://wi.water.usgs.gov/gwcomp/find/kewaunee/susceptibility.html Groundwater Contamination Susceptibility Map], wi.water.usgs.gov website, accessed January 18, 2020</ref> An [[Digital mapping|electronic map]] marks the locations of every septic system and drain field, along with situations more liable to spread fecal contamination, such as areas with a shallow water table, high permeability, or likely to have karst features.<ref>[https://maps.ags.ruekert-mielke.com/Html5Viewer/index.html?viewer=KewauneePublic Kewaunee County Public GIS Map], ruekert-mielke.com, accessed January 19, 2020</ref> A different electronic map shows the locations of private wells polluted with nitrates and other contaminants down to the [[Section (United States land surveying)|section]] level.<ref>[https://gissrv3.uwsp.edu/webapps/gwc/pri_wells/ Groundwater Quality Viewer], UW-Stevens Point, College of Natural Resources, Groundwater Center</ref> Another factor is tile drainage, as relatively high amounts of phosphorus were documented from water coming from two tiled sites located on a Kewaunee County farm between 2005 and 2009. The quick drainage reduces the filtration of nutrients out of the water and into the soil.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200208165349/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1c69/82980a422b1a81dc58336efa37d637f0eb07.pdf Phosphorus loss from tile drains: Should we be concerned] by Matt Ruark, Allison Madison,, Eric Cooley, Todd Stuntebeck, and Matt Komiskey, ''Proc. of the 2012 Wisconsin Crop Management Conference, Vol. 51'', page 3, (page 11 of the pdf)</ref> The distribution of bacterial contamination in private wells has been mapped.<ref>[https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0145/8808/4272/files/G3836.pdf Final Report of the Northeast Wisconsin Karst Task Force], Edited by Kevin Erb and Ron Stieglitz, page 27-28 (32-33 of the pdf), February 9, 2007</ref> Some bacteria found in surface water have genes for antibiotic resistance. This is thought to be due to the bovine use of antibiotics.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/94/9/fiy131/5053804 Agricultural contamination impacts antibiotic resistance gene abundances in river bed sediment temporally] by Rachelle E. Beattie, Michael Walsh, Mercedes Cecilia Cruz, L. Rex McAliley, Laurel Dodgen, Wei Zheng, and Krassimira R. Hristova, ''FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 94'', 2018, page 1</ref>