Editing Julius Caesar (section)

==Legacy==

===Historiography===
[[File:Julius Caesar's crematorium.jpg|thumb|left|Flowers on the remains of the [[Temple of Caesar|altar of Caesar]] in the [[Roman Forum]] of Rome, Italy]]
The texts written by Caesar, an autobiography of the most important events of his public life, are the most complete [[primary source]] for the reconstruction of his biography. However, Caesar wrote those texts with his political career in mind.<ref>{{harvnb|Canfora|2006|pp=10–11}}</ref> Julius Caesar is also considered one of the first historical figures to fold his message scrolls into a concertina form, which made them easier to read.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murray |first=Stuart |title=The library: an illustrated history |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-706-4 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |oclc=277203534}}</ref> The Roman emperor [[Augustus]] began a [[cult of personality]] of Caesar, which described Augustus as Caesar's political heir. The modern historiography is influenced by this tradition.<ref>{{harvnb|Canfora|2006|p=10}}</ref>

Many rulers in history became interested in the [[Roman historiography|historiography of Caesar]]. [[Napoleon III]] wrote the scholarly work ''[[Histoire de Jules César]]'', which was not finished. The second volume listed previous rulers interested in the topic. [[Charles VIII of France|Charles VIII]] ordered a monk to prepare a translation of the ''Gallic Wars'' in 1480. [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] ordered a topographic study in France, to place the Gallic Wars in context; which created forty high-quality maps of the conflict. The contemporary Ottoman sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] catalogued the surviving editions of the ''Commentaries'', and translated them to Turkish language. [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] and [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]] of France translated the first two commentaries and the last two respectively; [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] re-translated the first one afterwards.<ref>{{harvnb|Canfora|2006|pp=11–12}}</ref>

The remains of [[Temple of Caesar|Caesar's altar]] are a pilgrimage site for visitors from across Italy and the world. Flowers and other items are left there daily and special commemorations take place on 15 March to commemorate Caesar's death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicoletti |first=Gianluca |date=22 July 2014 |title=Il mondo in fila |url=https://www.lastampa.it/topnews/tempi-moderni/2014/07/22/news/il-mondo-in-fila-1.35735596/ |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=[[La Stampa]] |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quaglia |first=Lucilla |date=15 March 2019 |title=Sempre più fiori e monetine sull'Ara di Cesare: la tradizione si rinnova il 15 marzo |url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/news/cesare_ara_fiori_monetine_idi_marzo-4364039.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=[[Il Messaggero]] |language=it}}</ref>

===Politics===
{{main|Caesarism}}
Julius Caesar is seen as the main example of ''[[Caesarism]]'', a form of political rule led by a [[charisma]]tic [[Strongman (politics)|strongman]] whose rule is based upon a [[cult of personality]], whose rationale is the need to rule by force, establishing a violent [[social order]], and being a regime involving prominence of the [[military]] in the government.<ref name="Weber, 34" >{{harvnb|Weber|2008|p=34}}.</ref> Other people in history, such as the French [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] and the Italian [[Benito Mussolini]], have defined themselves as Caesarists.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Napoleon Bonaparte, Political Prodigy |journal=History Compass |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=1382–98 |first=Howard G. |last=Brown |date=29 June 2007 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00451.x |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Hartfield |title=Unpatriotic History of the Second World War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gALtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 |publisher=John Hunt Publishing |year= 2012 |page=77 |isbn=978-1-78099-379-9 |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228125816/https://books.google.com/books?id=gALtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bonaparte did not focus only on Caesar's military career but also on his relation with the masses, a predecessor to [[populism]].<ref>{{harvnb|Canfora|2006|pp=12–13}}</ref> The word is also used in a pejorative manner by critics of this type of political rule.

===Depictions===
{{main|Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar}}
<gallery>
File:Giulio-cesare-enhanced 1-800x1450.jpg|Bust in the [[National Archaeological Museum, Naples]]
File:Rimini083.jpg|Modern bronze statue of Julius Caesar, Rimini, Italy
File:Portrait of Julius Caesar (1st cent. B.C.) at the Archaeological Museum of Sparta on 15 May 2019.jpg|Portrait at the Archaeological Museum of Sparta
File:Porta palatina, statue.jpg|Bronze statue at the Porta Palatina in Turin
File:Portrait head of Julius Caesar (1st cent. A.D.) at the Archaeological Museum of Corinth on 10 January 2020.jpg|Bust in the Archaeological Museum of Corinth
File:Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC).JPG|Bust in the National Archaeological Museum, Naples, photograph published in 1902
</gallery>

===Battle record===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
!style="width:20%;| Date
! War
! Action
! Opponents
! Type
! Present-day areas
! Outcome
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">58 BC</span> 58 BC
| rowspan="12" |[[Gallic Wars]]
|<span style="display:none">Arar</span> [[Battle of the Arar]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Helvetii]]
|Battle
|[[France]]
|Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">58 BC</span> 58 BC
|<span style="display:none">Mount Haemus</span> [[Battle of Bibracte]]
|[[Helvetii]], [[Boii]], [[Tulingi]], [[Rauraci]]
|Battle
|[[France]]
|Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">58 BC</span> 58 BC
|<span style="display:none">Vosges</span> [[Battle of Vosges (58 BC)|Battle of Vosges]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Suebi]]
|Battle
|[[France]]
|Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">57 BC</span> 57 BC
|[[Battle of the Axona]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Belgae]]
|Battle
|[[France]]
|Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">57 BC</span> 57 BC
|<span style="display:none">Battle of the Sabis</span> [[Battle of the Sabis]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Nervii]], [[Viromandui]], 
[[Atrebates]], [[Aduatuci]]
|Battle
|[[France]]
|Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">56 BC</span>56 BC
|<span style="display:none">Battle of Morbihan</span> [[Battle of Morbihan]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Veneti (Gaul)|Veneti]]
|Battle
|[[France]]
|Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">55 and 54 BC</span>55 and 54 BC
|<span style="display:none">Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain</span> [[Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Celtic Britons]]
|Campaign
|[[England]]
|Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">54 BC–53 BC</span> 54 BC–53 BC
|<span style="display:none">Ambiorix's revolt</span> [[Ambiorix's revolt]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Eburones]]
| Campaign
| Belgium, [[France]]
|Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">52 BC</span> 52 BC
|<span style="display:none">Avaricum</span> [[Avaricum]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Bituriges Cubi|Bituriges]], [[Arverni]]
|Siege
|[[France]]
|Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">52 BC</span> 52 BC
|<span style="display:none">Battle of Gergovia</span> [[Battle of Gergovia]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Gauls|Gallic tribes]]
| Battle
| [[France]]
| Defeat
|-
!scope="row"|September 52 BC
|<span style="display:none">Battle of Alesia</span> [[Battle of Alesia]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Gauls|Gallic]] Confederation
|Siege and Battle
|[[Alise-Sainte-Reine]], [[France]]
|Decisive victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">51 BC</span> 51 BC
|<span style="display:none">Siege of Uxellodunum</span> [[Siege of Uxellodunum]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Gauls|Gallic]]
|Siege
|[[Vayrac]], France
|Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">June–August 49 BC</span> June–August 49 BC
| rowspan="8" |[[Caesar's civil war|Caesar's Civil War]]
|<span style="display:none">Battle of Ilerda</span> [[Battle of Ilerda]]
|[[Optimates]]<span style="display:none">.</span>
|Battle
|[[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
|Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">10 July 48 BC</span> 10 July 48 BC
|[[Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Optimates]]
|Battle
| [[Durrës]], [[Albania]]
|Defeat
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">9 August 48 BC</span> 9 August 48 BC
| [[Battle of Pharsalus]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Pompeians]]
|Battle
|[[Greece]]
|Decisive Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">47 BC</span> 47 BC
| [[Battle of the Nile (47 BC)|Battle of the Nile]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]
|Battle
|[[Alexandria]], [[Egypt]]
|Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">2 August 47 BC</span> 2 August 47 BC
| [[Battle of Zela]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Kingdom of Pontus]]
|Battle
|[[Zile]], [[Turkey]]
|Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">4 January 46 BC</span> 4 January 46 BC
|<span style="display:none">Battle of Ruspina</span> [[Battle of Ruspina]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Optimates]], [[Numidia]]
|Battle
| Ruspina Africa
|Defeat
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">6 April 46 BC</span> 6 April 46 BC
|<span style="display:none">Battle of Thapsus</span> [[Battle of Thapsus]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Optimates]], [[Numidia]]
|Battle
|[[Tunisia]]
|Decisive Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|-
!scope="row"|<span style="display:none">17 March 45 BC</span> 17 March 45 BC
|<span style="display:none">Battle of Munda</span> [[Battle of Munda]]
|<span style="display:none">.</span>[[Pompeians]]
|Battle
|Andalusia Spain
|Victory
<span style="display:none">⁂</span>
|}