Editing Individualism (section)

==== Right-libertarianism ====
{{main|Right-libertarianism}}
Right-libertarianism represents either non-[[Collectivism and individualism|collectivist]] forms of libertarianism<ref>Olsaretti, Serena (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZmGrPKu8BMC ''Liberty, Desert and the Market: A Philosophical Study'']. Cambridge University Press. pp. 14, 88, 100.</ref> or a variety of different libertarian views that scholars label to the right of libertarianism<ref>{{cite book|last1=Graham|first1=Paul|last2=Hoffman|first2=John|year= 2003|title=An Introduction to Political Theory|publisher=Routledge|page=93|isbn=978-1-3178-6342-7|quote=A distinction is made between right libertarianism and left libertarianism. Self-ownership is the starting point for all libertarians, but right and left libertarians divide over the implications for the ownership of external things from the self-ownership premise.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Vallentyne|first=Peter|year=2007|chapter=Libertarianism and the State|editor-last1=Frankel Paul|editor-first1=Ellen|editor-last2=Miller|editor-first2=Fred Jr.|editor-last3=Paul|editor-first3=Jeffrey|title=Liberalism: Old and New|volume=24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=187–205|isbn=978-0-521-70305-5|quote=The best known form of libertarianism{{snd}}right-libertarianism{{snd}}is a version of classical liberalism, but there is also a form of libertarianism{{snd}}left-libertarianism{{snd}}that combines classical liberalism's concern for individual liberty with contemporary liberalism's robust concern for material equality.}}</ref> such as [[libertarian conservatism]].<ref>Heywood, Andrew (2015). ''Key Concepts in Politics and International Relations: Palgrave Key Concepts''. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 37. {{ISBN|978-1-1374-9477-1}}.</ref> Related terms include ''[[conservative libertarianism]]'',<ref>Graber, Mark A. (1991). ''Transforming Free Speech: The Ambiguous Legacy of Civil Libertarianism''. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 18. {{ISBN|978-0520913134}}.</ref><ref>Narveson, Jan (2001). ''The Libertarian Idea'' (revised ed.). Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press. p. 8. {{ISBN|978-1551114217}}.</ref><ref>Passavent, Paul (2003). ''No Escape: Freedom of Speech and the Paradox of Rights''. New York: New York University Press. p. 49. {{ISBN|978-0814766965}}.</ref> ''[[libertarian capitalism]]''<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Fallacy of Libertarian Capitalism|last=Reiman|first=Jeffrey H.|year=2005|journal=Ethics|volume=10|issue=1|pages=85–95|doi=10.1086/292300|jstor=2380706|s2cid=170927490}}</ref> and ''[[right-wing libertarianism]]''.<ref name="Carlson 2012 pp. 1006–1007"/><ref>Goodway, David (2006). ''[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward]]''. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Fgya85u7S-4C&dq=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&pg=PA4 p. 4]. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Rothbard and Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition".</ref><ref>Marshall, Peter (2008). ''[[Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism]]''. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces ''laissez-faire'' liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order".</ref> In the mid-20th century, right-libertarian ideologies such as [[anarcho-capitalism]] and [[minarchism]] co-opted<ref>Fernandez, Frank (2001). ''Cuban Anarchism. The History of a Movement''. Sharp Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130610014449/http://books.google.com/books?id=jKdztbIaHegC p. 9]. "Thus, in the United States, the once exceedingly useful term 'libertarian' has been hijacked by egotists who are in fact enemies of liberty in the full sense of the word."</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rothbard|first1=Murray|url=https://cdn.mises.org/The%20Betrayal%20of%20the%20American%20Right_2.pdf|title=The Betrayal of the American Right|orig-date=2007|year=2009|publisher=Mises Institute|isbn=978-1610165013|page=83|quote=One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that, for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over.}}</ref> the term ''libertarian'' to advocate ''[[laissez-faire]]'' [[capitalism]] and strong [[private property rights]] such as in land, infrastructure and natural resources.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hussain|first=Syed B.|title=Encyclopedia of Capitalism, Volume 2|year=2004|publisher=Facts on File Inc|location=New York|isbn=0816052247|page=492|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbVZAAAAYAAJ|quote=In the modern world, political ideologies are largely defined by their attitude towards capitalism. Marxists want to overthrow it, liberals to curtail it extensively, conservatives to curtail it moderately. Those who maintain that capitalism is an excellent economic system, unfairly maligned, with little or no need for corrective government policy, are generally known as libertarians.}}</ref> The latter is the dominant form of [[libertarianism in the United States]],<ref name="Carlson 2012 pp. 1006–1007"/> where it advocates [[civil liberties]],<ref>Rothbard, Murray (1 March 1971). [https://mises.org/library/left-and-right-within-libertarianism "The Left and Right Within Libertarianism"]. ''WIN: Peace and Freedom Through Nonviolent Action''. '''7''' (4): 6–10. Retrieved 14 January 2020.</ref> [[natural law]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.libertarianism.org/encyclopedia/natural-law|title=Natural Law|last=Miller|first=Fred|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism|date=15 August 2008|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> [[free-market capitalism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/key-concepts-libertarianism|title=Key Concepts of Libertarianism|last=Boaz|first=David|date=12 April 2019|publisher=Cato Institute|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theihs.org/who-we-are/what-is-libertarian/|title=What Is Libertarian|publisher=Institute for Humane Studies|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> and a major reversal of the modern [[welfare state]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Political Ideologies|last=Baradat|first=Leon P.|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|page=31|isbn=978-1317345558}}</ref>