Editing Hookah (section)

=== Effects of secondhand exposure to hookah smoke ===
[[Secondhand smoke]] from hookahs contains significant amounts of carbon monoxide, aldehydes, PAHs, ultrafine particles, and respirable particulate matter (particles small enough to enter the lungs).<ref name="WHO15" /> Studies have found that concentrations of particulate matter in the air of hookah bars were in the unhealthy to hazardous range according to [[Environmental Protection Agency|the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] standards.<ref name="Kumar15">{{cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=SR|last2=Davies|first2=S|last3=Weitzman|first3=M|last4=Sherman|first4=S|title=A review of air quality, biological indicators and health effects of second-hand waterpipe smoke exposure |journal=Tobacco Control|date=March 2015|volume=24|issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i54–i59|pmid=25480544|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052038|pmc=4345792}}<!--|access-date=13 June 2015--></ref> The air in hookah bars also contains significant amounts of toxic chemicals, including aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nicotine, and trace metals. The concentrations in the air of all these toxic substances are greater than for cigarettes (for the same number of smokers per hour).<ref name="Daher15">{{cite journal|last1=Daher|first1=N|last2=Saleh|first2=R|last3=Jaroudi|first3=E|last4=Sheheitli|first4=H|last5=Badr|first5=T|last6=Sepetdjian|first6=E|last7=Al Rashidi|first7=M|last8=Saliba|first8=N|last9=Shihadeh|first9=A|title=Comparison of carcinogen, carbon monoxide, and ultrafine particle emissions from narghile waterpipe and cigarette smoking: Sidestream smoke measurements and assessment of second-hand smoke emission factors |journal=Atmospheric Environment|date=1 January 2010|volume=44|issue=1|pages=8–14|pmid=20161525|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.10.004|pmc=2801144|bibcode=2010AtmEn..44....8D}}<!--|access-date=13 June 2015--></ref> During a typical one-hour hookah session, a user expels into the air 2-10 times the amount of cancer-causing chemicals and other harmful chemicals compared to a cigarette smoker.<ref name="Daher15" /> No studies have examined the long-term health effects of exposure to secondhand hookah smoke, but short term effects may include experience respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, nasal congestion, and chronic cough.<ref name="Tamin03">{{cite journal|last1=Tamim|first1=H|last2=Musharrafieh|first2=U|last3=El Roueiheb|first3=Z|last4=Yunis|first4=K|last5=Almawi|first5=WY|title=Exposure of children to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and its association with respiratory ailments |journal=The Journal of Asthma|date=2003|volume=40|issue=5|pages=571–6|pmid=14529107|doi=10.1081/jas-120019029|s2cid=35129626}}<!--|access-date=13 June 2015--></ref><ref name="Zeidan14">{{cite journal|last1=Zeidan|first1=RK|last2=Rachidi|first2=S|last3=Awada|first3=S|last4=El Hajje|first4=A|last5=El Bawab|first5=W|last6=Salamé|first6=J|last7=Bejjany|first7=R|last8=Salameh|first8=P|title=Carbon monoxide and respiratory symptoms in young adult passive smokers: a pilot study comparing waterpipe to cigarette |journal=International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health|date=August 2014|volume=27|issue=4|pages=571–82|pmid=25012596|doi=10.2478/s13382-014-0246-z|doi-access=free}}<!--|access-date=13 June 2015--></ref>