Editing Honduras (section)

===Gender===
{{see also|Gender inequality in Honduras}}
The male to female ratio of the Honduran population is 1.01. This ratio stands at 1.05 at birth, 1.04 from 15 to 24 years old, 1.02 from 25 to 54 years old, .88 from 55 to 64 years old, and .77 for those 65 years or older.<ref name="cia.gov"/>

[[Gender Development Index|The Gender Development Index]] (GDI) was .942 in 2015 with an HDI of .600 for females and .637 for males.<ref name=":1" /> Life expectancy at birth for males is 70.9 and 75.9 for females.<ref name=":1" /> Expected years of schooling in Honduras is 10.9 years for males (mean of 6.1) and 11.6 for females (mean of 6.2).<ref name=":1" /> These measures do not reveal a large disparity between male and female development levels, however, GNI per capita is vastly different by gender.<ref name=":1" /> Males have a GNI per capita of $6,254 while that of females is only $2,680.<ref name=":1" /> Honduras's overall GDI is higher than that of other medium HDI nations (.871) but lower than the overall HDI for Latin America and the Caribbean (.981).<ref name=":1" />

The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) ranks Honduras 116th for measures including women's political power, and female access to resources.<ref name=":15">{{cite journal |last1=Hawkins |first1=Darren |first2=Melissa |last2=Humes |name-list-style=amp |title=Human Rights and Domestic Violence |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=117 |number=2 |date=2002 |pages=231–257 |doi=10.2307/798182 |jstor=798182  |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/798182 |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824164526/https://www.jstor.org/stable/798182 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gender Inequality Index|The Gender Inequality Index]] (GII) depicts gender-based inequalities in Honduras according to reproductive health, empowerment, and economic activity.<ref name=":1" /> Honduras has a GII of .461 and ranked 101 of 159 countries in 2015.<ref name=":1" /> 25.8% of Honduras's parliament is female and 33.4% of adult females have a secondary education or higher while only 31.1% of adult males do.<ref name=":1" /> Despite this, while male participation in the labor market is 84.4, female participation is 47.2%.<ref name=":1" /> Honduras's [[Maternal Mortality Ratio|maternal mortality ratio]] is 129 and the adolescent birth rate is 65.0 for women ages 15–19.<ref name=":1" />

[[Familialism]] and [[machismo]] carry a lot of weight within Honduran society.<ref name=":14">{{cite journal |last=Ingoldsby |first=Bron B. |title=The Latin American Family: Familism vs. Machismo |journal=Journal of Comparative Family Studies |volume=22 |number=1 |date=1991 |pages=57–62 |doi=10.3138/jcfs.22.1.57 |jstor=41602120 |via=  |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41602120 |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824164527/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41602120 |url-status=live }}</ref> Familialism refers to the idea of individual interests being second to that of the family, most often in relation to dating and marriage, abstinence, and parental approval and supervision of dating.<ref name=":14" /> Aggression and proof of masculinity through physical dominance are characteristic of machismo.<ref name=":14" />

Honduras has historically functioned with a patriarchal system like many other Latin American countries.<ref name=":12">{{cite journal |vauthors=Speizer, Ilene S, et al. |title=Gender Relations and Reproductive Decision Making in Honduras |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |volume=31 |number=3 |date=2005 |pages=131–139 |doi=10.1363/3113105 |jstor=3649517 |pmid=16263530 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Honduran men claim responsibility for family decisions including reproductive health decisions.<ref name=":12" /> Recently Honduras has seen an increase in challenges to this notion as feminist movements and access to global media increases.<ref name=":12" /> There has been an increase in educational attainment, labor force participating, urban migration, late-age marriage, and contraceptive use amongst Honduran women.<ref name=":12" />

Between 1971 and 2001 Honduran total fertility rate decreased from 7.4 births to 4.4 births.<ref name=":12" /> This is largely attributable to an increase in educational attainment and workforce participation by women, as well as more widespread use of [[contraceptives]].<ref name=":12" /> In 1996 50% of women were using at least one type of contraceptive.<ref name=":12" /> By 2001 62% were largely due to [[female sterilization]], birth control in the form of a pill, injectable birth control, and IUDs.<ref name=":12" /> A study done in 2001 of Honduran men and women reflect conceptualization of reproductive health and decision making in Honduras.<ref name=":12" /> 28% of men and 25% of women surveyed believed men were responsible for decisions regarding family size and family planning uses.<ref name=":12" /> 21% of men believed men were responsible for both.<ref name=":12" />

Sexual violence against women has proven to be a large issue in Honduras that has caused many to migrate to the U.S.<ref name=":16">{{cite web|url=https://cgrs.uchastings.edu/talking_points_and_stories|title=Thousands of Girls and Women are Fleeing Rape, Sexual Violence and Torture in Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala {{!}} UC Hastings Center for Gender and Refugee Studies|website=cgrs.uchastings.edu|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921045650/https://cgrs.uchastings.edu/talking_points_and_stories|url-status=live}}</ref> The prevalence of child sexual abuse was 7.8% in Honduras with the majority of reports being from children under the age of 11.<ref name=":18">Speizer, Ilene S, et al. "Dimensions of Child Sexual Abuse before Age 15 in Three Central American Countries: Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala." ''Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal'', Elsevier. 31 March 2008.</ref> Women that experienced sexual abuse as children were found to be twice as likely to be in violent relationships.<ref name=":18" /> Femicide is widespread in Honduras.<ref name=":16" /> In 2014, 40% of unaccompanied refugee minors were female.<ref name=":16" /> Gangs are largely responsible for sexual violence against women as they often use sexual violence.<ref name=":16" /> Between 2005 and 2013 according to the UN Special Repporteur on Violence Against Women, violent deaths increased 263.4 percent.<ref name=":16" /> Impunity for sexual violence and femicide crimes was 95 percent in 2014.<ref name=":16" /> Additionally, many girls are forced into human trafficking and prostitution.<ref name=":16" />

Between 1995 and 1997 Honduras recognized domestic violence as both a public health issue and a punishable offense due to efforts by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO).<ref name=":15" /> PAHO's subcommittee on Women, Health and Development was used as a guide to develop programs that aid in domestic violence prevention and victim assistance programs.<ref name=":15" /> However, a study done in 2009 showed that while the policy requires health care providers to report cases of sexual violence, emergency contraception, and victim referral to legal institutions and support groups, very few other regulations exist within the realm of registry, examination and follow-up.<ref name=":17">{{cite journal |author1=Reyes, H Luz McNaughton |author2=Billings, Deborah L |author3=Paredes-Gaitan, Yolanda |author4=Zuniga, Karen Padilla |title=An Assessment of Health Sector Guidelines and Services for Treatment of Sexual Violence in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua |journal=Reproductive Health Matters |volume=20 |number=40 |date=2012 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(12)40656-5 |jstor=41714982 |pmid=23245413 |s2cid=23588404 |via=  |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41714982 |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824164527/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41714982 |url-status=live }}</ref> Unlike other Central American countries such as El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua, Honduras does not have detailed guidelines requiring service providers to be extensively trained and respect the rights of sexual violence victims.<ref name=":17" /> Since the study was done the UNFPA and the Health Secretariat of Honduras have worked to develop and implement improved guidelines for handling cases of sexual violence.<ref name=":17" />

An educational program in Honduras known as ''Sistema de Aprendizaje Tutorial'' (SAT) has attempted to "undo gender" through focusing on gender equality in everyday interactions.<ref name=":13">{{cite journal |last=Murphy-Graham |first=Erin |title=Constructing A New Vision: Undoing Gender Through Secondary Education in Honduras |journal=International Review of Education |volume=55 |number=5/6 |date=2009 |pages=503–521 |doi=10.1007/s11159-009-9143-2 |jstor=40608075 |bibcode=2009IREdu..55..503M |s2cid=144544512  |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40608075 |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824164529/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40608075 |url-status=live }}</ref> Honduras's SAT program is one of the largest in the world, second only to Colombia's with 6,000 students.<ref name=":13" /> It is currently sponsored by ''Asociacion Bayan'', a Honduran NGO, and the Honduran Ministry of Education.<ref name=":13" /> It functions by integrating gender into curriculum topics, linking gender to the ideas of justice and equality, encouraging reflection, dialogue and debate and emphasizing the need for individual and social change.<ref name=":13" /> This program was found to increase gender consciousness and a desire for gender equality amongst Honduran women through encouraging discourse surrounding existing gender inequality in the Honduran communities.<ref name=":13" />