Editing Holocene extinction (section)

=== Macaronesia ===
The arrival of the first human settlers in the [[Azores]] saw the introduction of invasive plants and livestock to the archipelago, resulting in the extinction of at least two plant species on [[Pico Island]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Connor |first1=Simon E. |last2=Van Leeuwen |first2=Jacqueline F. N. |last3=Rittenour |first3=Tammy M. |last4=Van der Knaap |first4=Willem O. |last5=Ammann |first5=Brigitta |last6=Björck |first6=Svante |date=23 January 2012 |title=The ecological impact of oceanic island colonization – a palaeoecological perspective from the Azores |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02671.x |journal=[[Journal of Biogeography]] |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1007–1023 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02671.x |bibcode=2012JBiog..39.1007C |hdl=11343/55221 |s2cid=86191735 |access-date=3 December 2022 |hdl-access=free |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203040117/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02671.x |url-status=live }}</ref> On [[Faial Island]], the decline of ''[[Prunus lusitanica]]'' has been hypothesized by some scholars to have been related to the tree species being endozoochoric, with the extirpation or extinction of various bird species drastically limiting its seed dispersal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Góis-Marques |first1=C. A. |last2=Rubiales |first2=J. M. |last3=De Nascimento |first3=L. |last4=Menezes de Sequeira |first4=M. |last5=Fernández-Palacios |first5=J. M. |last6=Madeira |first6=J. |date=February 2020 |title=Oceanic Island forests buried by Holocene (Meghalayan) explosive eruptions: palaeobiodiversity in pre-anthropic volcanic charcoal from Faial Island (Azores, Portugal) and its palaeoecological implications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034666719302386 |journal=[[Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology]] |volume=273 |page=104116 |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2019.104116 |bibcode=2020RPaPa.27304116G |hdl=10400.13/4177 |s2cid=210280909 |access-date=31 December 2022 |hdl-access=free |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101065857/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034666719302386 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lacustrine ecosystems were ravaged by human colonization, as evidenced by hydrogen isotopes from C<sub>30</sub> fatty acids recording hypoxic bottom waters caused by eutrophication in Lake Funda on [[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores Island]] beginning between 1500 and 1600 AD.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Richter |first1=Nora |last2=Russell |first2=James M. |last3=Amaral-Zettler |first3=Linda |last4=DeGroff |first4=Wylie |last5=Raposeiro |first5=Pedro M. |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Vítor |last7=De Boer |first7=Erik J. |last8=Pla-Rabes |first8=Sergi |last9=Hernández |first9=Armand |last10=Benavente |first10=Mario |last11=Ritter |first11=Catarina |last12=Sáez |first12=Alberto |last13=Bao |first13=Roberto |last14=Trigo |first14=Ricardo M. |last15=Prego |first15=Ricardo |last16=Giralt |first16=Santiago |date=1 June 2022 |title=Long-term hydroclimate variability in the sub-tropical North Atlantic and anthropogenic impacts on lake ecosystems: A case study from Flores Island, the Azores |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379122001561 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=285 |page=107525 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107525 |bibcode=2022QSRv..28507525R |hdl=10261/269568 |access-date=30 November 2022 |hdl-access=free |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129204706/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379122001561 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The arrival of humans on the archipelago of [[Madeira]] caused the extinction of approximately two-thirds of its endemic bird species, with two non-endemic birds also being locally extirpated from the archipelago.<ref name="MadeiranMice">{{cite journal |last1=Rando |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Pieper |first2=Harald |last3=Alcover |first3=Josep Antoni |date=7 April 2014 |title=Radiocarbon evidence for the presence of mice on Madeira Island (North Atlantic) one millennium ago |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=281 |issue=1780 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.3126 |pmid=24523273 |pmc=4027395 }}</ref> Of thirty-four land snail species collected in a subfossil sample from eastern [[Madeira Island]], nine became extinct following the arrival of humans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goodfriend |first1=Glenn A. |last2=Cameron |first2=Robert A. D. |last3=Cook |first3=L. M. |date=May 1994 |title=Fossil Evidence of Recent Human Impact on the Land Snail Fauna of Madeira |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2845532 |journal=[[Journal of Biogeography]] |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=309–320 |doi=10.2307/2845532 |jstor=2845532 |bibcode=1994JBiog..21..309G |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230163406/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2845532 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the [[Desertas Islands]], of forty-five land snail species known to exist before human colonization, eighteen are extinct and five are no longer present on the islands.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Teixeira |first1=Dinarte |last2=Groh |first2=Klaus |last3=Yanes |first3=Yurena |last4=Pokryszko |first4=Beata M. |last5=Silva |first5=Isamberto |last6=Cameron |first6=Robert A. D. |date=7 May 2022 |title=Late Quaternary land snail faunas of the Desertas Islands (Madeira): high diversity and endemism followed by recent impoverishment and extinction |url=https://academic.oup.com/mollus/article-abstract/88/2/eyac010/6581786?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false |journal=[[Journal of Molluscan Studies]] |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages= |doi=10.1093/mollus/eyac010 |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230163359/https://academic.oup.com/mollus/article-abstract/88/2/eyac010/6581786?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Eurya|Eurya stigmosa]]'', whose extinction is typically attributed to climate change following the end of the Pleistocene rather than humans, may have survived until the colonization of the archipelago by the Portuguese and gone extinct as a result of human activity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Góis-Marques |first1=Carlos A. |last2=Mitchell |first2=Ria L. |last3=de Nascimento |first3=Lea |last4=Fernández-Palacios |first4=José María |last5=Madeira |first5=José |last6=Menezes de Sequeira |first6=Miguel |title=Eurya stigmosa (Theaceae), a new and extinct record for the Calabrian stage of Madeira Island (Portugal): 40Ar/39Ar dating, palaeoecological and oceanic island palaeobiogeographical implications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379118309284 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=February 2019 |volume=206 |pages=129–140 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.01.008 |bibcode=2019QSRv..206..129G |hdl=10400.13/4182 |s2cid=134725615 |access-date=30 December 2022 |hdl-access=free |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230163406/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379118309284 |url-status=live }}</ref> Introduced mice have been implicated as a leading driver of extinction on Madeira following its discovery and settlement by humans.<ref name="MadeiranMice" />

In the [[Canary Islands]], native thermophilous woodlands were decimated and two tree taxa were driven extinct following the arrival of its first humans, primarily as a result of increased fire clearance and soil erosion and the introduction of invasive pigs, goats, and rats. Invasive species introductions accelerated during the [[Age of Discovery]] when Europeans first settled the [[Macaronesia]]n archipelago. The archipelago's laurel forests, though still negatively impacted, fared better due to being less suitable for human economic use.<ref name="Castilla-Beltrán2021PNAS">{{cite journal |last1=Castilla-Beltrán |first1=Alvaro |last2=De Nascimento |first2=Lea |last3=Fernández-Palacios |first3=José-María |last4=Whittaker |first4=Robert J. |last5=Willis |first5=Kathy J. |last6=Edwards |first6=Mary |last7=Nogué |first7=Sandra |date=27 September 2021 |title=Anthropogenic transitions from forested to human-dominated landscapes in southern Macaronesia |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=118 |issue=40 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2022215118 |pmid=34580208 |pmc=8501805 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11822215C |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Cabo Verde]], like the Canary Islands, witnessed precipitous deforestation upon the arrival of European settlers and various invasive species brought by them in the archipelago,<ref name="Castilla-Beltrán2021Biogeography">{{cite journal |last1=Castilla-Beltrán |first1=Alvaro |last2=De Nascimento |first2=Lea |last3=Fernández-Palacios |first3=José-María |last4=Whittaker |first4=Robert J. |last5=Romeiras |first5=Maria M. |last6=Cundy |first6=Andrew B. |last7=Edwards |first7=Mary |last8=Nogué |first8=Sandra |date=22 March 2021 |title=Effects of Holocene climate change, volcanism and mass migration on the ecosystem of a small, dry island (Brava, Cabo Verde) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.14084 |journal=[[Journal of Biogeography]] |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=1392–1405 |doi=10.1111/jbi.14084 |bibcode=2021JBiog..48.1392C |hdl=10400.5/21368 |s2cid=233708086 |access-date=30 November 2022 |hdl-access=free |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129204440/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.14084 |url-status=live }}</ref> with the archipelago's thermophilous woodlands suffering the greatest destruction.<ref name="Castilla-Beltrán2021PNAS" /> Introduced species, overgrazing, increased fire incidence, and soil degradation have been attributed as the chief causes of Cabo Verde's ecological devastation.<ref name="Castilla-Beltrán2021Biogeography" /><ref name="Castilla-Beltrán2019PPP">{{cite journal |last1=Castilla-Beltrán |first1=Alvaro |last2=De Nascimento |first2=Lea |last3=Fernández-Palacios |first3=José-María |last4=Fonville |first4=Thierry |last5=Whittaker |first5=Robert J. |last6=Edwards |first6=Mary |last7=Nogué |first7=Sandra |date=15 June 2019 |title=Late Holocene environmental change and the anthropization of the highlands of Santo Antão Island, Cabo Verde |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018218310605 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=524 |pages=101–117 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.033 |bibcode=2019PPP...524..101C |s2cid=120143295 |access-date=30 November 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129204444/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018218310605 |url-status=live }}</ref>