Editing History of Scotland (section)

===Industrial expansion===
[[File:NewlanarkNL06.jpg|thumb|left|[[New Lanark]] cotton mill on the banks of the River Clyde, founded in 1786.]]
From about 1790 textiles became the most important industry in the west of Scotland, especially the spinning and weaving of cotton, which flourished until in 1861 the [[American Civil War]] cut off the supplies of raw cotton.<ref>W. O. Henderson, ''The Lancashire Cotton Famine 1861–65'' (1934), p. 122.</ref> The industry never recovered, but by that time Scotland had developed heavy industries based on its coal and iron resources. The invention of the hot blast for smelting iron (1828) revolutionised the Scottish iron industry. As a result, Scotland became a centre for engineering, shipbuilding and the production of locomotives. Toward the end of the 19th century, steel production largely replaced iron production.<ref>C. A. Whatley, ''The Industrial Revolution in Scotland'' (1997), p. 51.</ref> Coal mining continued to grow into the 20th century, producing the fuel to heat homes, factories and drive steam engines locomotives and steamships. By 1914, there were 1,000,000 coal miners in Scotland.<ref>A. Campbell, ''The Scottish Miners, 1874–1939'' (2000),</ref> The stereotype emerged early on of Scottish colliers as brutish, non-religious and socially isolated serfs;<ref>Christopher A. Whatley, "Scottish 'collier serfs', British coal workers? Aspects of Scottish collier society in the eighteenth century," ''Labour History Review,'' Fall 1995, Vol. 60 Issue 2, pp. 66–79.</ref> that was an exaggeration, for their life style resembled the miners everywhere, with a strong emphasis on masculinity, equalitarianism, group solidarity, and support for radical labour movements.<ref>Alan Campbell, ''Scottish Miners, 1874–1939. Vol. 1: Industry, Work & Community;'' ''The Scottish Miners, 1874–1939. Vol. 2: Trade Unions and Politics.'' (2000).</ref>

Britain was the world leader in the construction of railways, and their use to expand trade and coal supplies. The first successful locomotive-powered line in Scotland, between [[Monklands (district)|Monkland]] and [[Kirkintilloch]], opened in 1831.<ref>C. F. Marshall, ''A History of Railway Locomotives Until 1831'' (1926) p. 223.</ref> Not only was good passenger service established by the late 1840s, but an excellent network of freight lines reduce the cost of shipping coal, and made products manufactured in Scotland competitive throughout Britain. For example, railways opened the London market to Scottish beef and milk. They enabled the [[Aberdeen Angus]] to become a cattle breed of worldwide reputation.<ref>O. Checkland and S. G. Checkland, ''Industry and Ethos: Scotland, 1832–1914'' (2nd edn., 1989), pp. 17–52.</ref> By 1900, Scotland had 3500 miles of railway; their main economic contribution was moving supplies in and product out for heavy industry, especially coal-mining.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vamplew |first=Wray |year=1971 |title=Railways and the Transformation of the Scottish Economy |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=37–54 |doi=10.2307/2593639 |jstor=2593639 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1842/17698}}</ref>

[[File:John Atkinson Grimshaw - Shipping on the Clyde (1881).jpg|thumb|right|''Shipping on the Clyde'', by [[John Atkinson Grimshaw]], 1881]]
Scotland was already one of the most urbanised societies in Europe by 1800.<ref>{{Harvp|Ferguson|1998}}.</ref> The industrial belt ran across the country from southwest to northeast; by 1900 the four industrialised counties of Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Dunbartonshire, and Ayrshire contained 44 per cent of the population.<ref>I.H. Adams, ''The Making of Urban Scotland'' (1978).</ref> Glasgow became one of the largest cities in the world, and known as "the Second City of the Empire" after London.<ref>J. F. MacKenzie, "The second city of the Empire: Glasgow – imperial municipality", in F. Driver and D. Gilbert, eds, ''Imperial Cities: Landscape, Display and Identity'' (2003), pp. 215–223.</ref> Shipbuilding on [[Clydeside]] (the river Clyde through Glasgow and other points) began when the first small yards were opened in 1712 at the [[Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company|Scott family's]] shipyard at Greenock. After 1860, the Clydeside shipyards specialised in steamships made of iron (after 1870, made of steel), which rapidly replaced the wooden sailing vessels of both the merchant fleets and the battle fleets of the world. It became the world's pre-eminent shipbuilding centre. ''Clydebuilt'' became an industry benchmark of quality, and the river's shipyards were given contracts for warships.<ref name="Shields1949">J. Shields, ''Clyde Built: a History of Ship-Building on the River Clyde'' (1949).</ref>