Editing History of Morocco (section)

== Republic of Salé (1624–1668) ==
{{Main| Republic of Salé}}
[[File:Bu Regrego ziotys.jpg|thumb|left|The ancient harbor at the Bou Regreg, taken from Salé facing Rabat]]
The republic traces its origins back to the beginning of the 17th century, with the arrival of approximately 3,000 wealthy [[Moriscos]] from [[Hornachos]] in western Spain, who anticipated the 1609 [[Expulsion of the Moriscos|expulsion edicts]] ordered by [[Philip III of Spain]].<ref name="Coindreau_42">Coindreau 2006, p.42</ref> After 1609, approximately 10,000 down-and-out expelled Moriscos arrived from [[Spain]].<ref name="Coindreau_43">Coindreau 2006, p.43</ref> Cultural and language differences between the native Saletin people and the Morisco refugees led the newcomers to settle in the old [[Medina quarter|medina]] of Rabat, on the opposite bank of the [[Bou Regreg]].<ref name="Maziane2008">{{cite book|author=Leïla Maziane|title=Salé et ses corsaires, 1666-1727|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yhuv9waKc_MC&pg=PA69|year=2008|publisher=Publication Univ Rouen Havre|language=fr|isbn=978-2-87775-832-1|pages=69–70}}</ref><ref name="Maz_2009">{{in lang|fr}} Leïla Maziane, [http://cdlm.revues.org/index4941.html « Salé au XVIIe siècle, terre d’asile morisque sur le littoral Atlantique marocain »], in Cahiers de la Méditerranée, no 79, 2009</ref>

Pirates based on the western bank thrived and expanded their operations throughout the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lemonde.fr/voyage/article/2009/09/01/rabat-sale-la-conquete-pirate_1339693_3546.html « Rabat/Salé, la conquête pirate »], in ''Le Monde'', 1 September 2009</ref> In 1624, the Dutchman [[Jan Janszoon]] (also known as Murad Reis) became the "Grand Admiral" and President of the Corsair Republic of Salé.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SJEg0p4RCP4C&q=murad+reis&pg=PA206 "Murad Reis"], Pirate Utopias, p. 97, Retrieved 30 September 2009.</ref>

[[File:Cannon in Salé old Town.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A cannon from the republican era in Salé]]
After Janszoon left Salé in 1627, the Moriscos ceased to recognize the authority of the Sultan [[Zidan al-Nasir]], and refused to pay his [[tithe]] on their incomes.<ref name="Maziane_2007_59">Maziane 2007, p.59</ref> They proclaimed a Republic, ruled by a council or ''[[Divan|Diwan]]'', a sort of government cabinet formed by 12 to 14 notable people whose members annually elected a Governor and a ''Captain General of the Fortalesa'' during the month of May. In the early years of the republic (between 1627 and 1630), the ''Diwan'' was controlled only by Hornacheros, whose grip on power was resented by the growing population of non-Hornachero Moriscos, called Andalusians.<ref name="Coindreau_48">Coindreau 2006, p.48</ref> After bloody clashes in 1630, an agreement was reached: the election of a ''[[Qaid]]'' by Andalusians and a new ''Diwan'' of 16 members of whom 8 were Andalusians and 8 Hornacheros.<ref name="Coindreau_44_50">Coindreau 2006, p.44-45 & 49-50</ref>

In 1641 the [[Zaouia of Dila]], which controlled much of Morocco, imposed a religious hegemony over Salé and its parent republic.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zk9kfnoFHfEC&dq=republic+of+sale%2C+morocco&pg=PA43 "Class/social stratification in Islam"], History and underdevelopment in Morocco, p. 43, Retrieved 30 September 2009.</ref> By the early 1660s the republic was embroiled in civil war with the zawiya, and eventually Sultan [[Al-Rashid of Morocco]] of the [[Alawi dynasty]], which still rules Morocco into the 21st century, seized Rabat and Salé, ending its independence. It ended up under the control of the Sultan of Morocco after 1668, when [[Al-Rashid of Morocco|Moulay al Rashid]] finally vanquished the Dilaites.<ref>Roger Coindreau, 2006, p. 53</ref>