Editing Fair trade (section)

== World wide ==
Every year the sales of Fair Trade products grow close to 30%{{current event inline|date=March 2022}} and in 2004 were worth over {{currency|500|USD}} million. In the case of coffee, sales grow{{current event inline|date=March 2022}} nearly 50% per year in certain countries.<ref name="Raynolds, Laura T. 2004">{{Citation | last1 = Raynolds | first1 = Laura T | first2 = Douglas | last2 = Murray | first3 = Peter Leigh | last3 = Taylor | title = Fair Trade Coffee: Building Producers Capacity Via Global Networks | journal = Journal of International Development | volume = 16 | issue = 8 | year = 2004 | pages = 1109–121| doi = 10.1002/jid.1136 }}</ref> In 2002, 16,000 tons of Fairtrade coffee were purchased by consumers in 17 countries.<ref name="Raynolds, Laura T. 2004" /> "Fair trade coffee is currently produced in 24 countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia".<ref name="Raynolds, Laura T. 2004" /> The 165 FLO associations in Latin America and Caribbean are located in 14 countries and {{as of|2004}} together export over 85% of the world's Fair Trade coffee.<ref name="Raynolds, Laura T. 2004" /> There is a North/South divide of fair trade products, with producers in the South and consumers in the North. Discrepancies in the perspectives of producers and consumers prompt disputes about how the purchasing power of consumers may or may not promote the development of southern countries.<ref name="Moore, Geoff 2004">{{Citation | last = Moore | first = Geoff | title = The Fair Trade Movement: Parameters, Issues and Future Research | journal = Journal of Business Ethics | volume = 53 | issue = 1/2 | year = 2004 | pages = 73–86 | doi = 10.1023/b:busi.0000039400.57827.c3 | s2cid = 55108569 | url = http://dro.dur.ac.uk/6787/1/6787.pdf | access-date = 2019-09-23 | archive-date = 2020-06-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200612002123/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/6787/1/6787.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> "Purchasing patterns of fairtrade products have remained strong despite the global economic downturn{{current event inline|date=March 2022}}. In 2008, global sales of fairtrade products exceeded {{currency|3.5|USD}} billion."<ref>{{Citation | publisher = UNEP | year = 2011 | title = Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication | url = http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy | access-date = 2014-12-06 | archive-date = 2009-07-08 | archive-url = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708042036/http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Africa ===
Africa’s labor market is becoming{{current event inline|date=March 2022}} an integral fragment of the [[global supply chain]] (GSC) and is expected{{current event inline|date=March 2022}} to attract foreign direct investment (FDI).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayounga |first1=Andre |title=PhD. |journal=Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing |date=January 2021 |volume=14 |issue=3 |doi=10.1108/JGOSS-01-2020-0003 |s2cid=233790315 |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JGOSS-01-2020-0003/full/html |access-date=2021-03-13 |archive-date=2021-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902164549/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JGOSS-01-2020-0003/full/html |url-status=live }}</ref> As the continent closes its infrastructure gap, it increases its export to the world.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Africa's exports, from places like South Africa, Ghana, Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya, were valued at {{currency|24|USD}} million {{as of|2009}}.<ref name="Raynolds, Laura T. 2009">Raynolds, Laura T., and Siphelo Unathi Ngcwangu. "Fair Trade Rooibos Tea: Connecting South African Producers and American Consumer Markets", ''Geoforum'' (2009): 74–83. Print.</ref> Between 2004 and 2006, Africa expanded the number of FLO-certified producer groups from 78 to 171, nearly half of which are in Kenya; following closely behind are Tanzania and South Africa.<ref name="Raynolds, Laura T. 2009" /> The FLO products Africa is known for are tea, cocoa, flowers, and wine.<ref name="Raynolds, Laura T. 2009" /> In Africa smallholder cooperatives and plantations produce Fair Trade certified tea.<ref name="Raynolds, Laura T. 2009" /> Cocoa-producing countries in West Africa often form cooperatives that produce [[fair trade cocoa]], such as [[Kuapa Kokoo]] in [[Ghana]].<ref name="ReferenceA" /> West African countries without strong fair trade industries are subject to deterioration in cocoa quality as they compete with other countries for a profit. These countries include [[Cameroon]], [[Nigeria]], and the [[Ivory Coast]].<ref name="ReferenceB" />

=== Latin America ===
Studies in the early 2000s showed that the income, education, and health of coffee producers involved with Fair Trade in Latin America improved in comparison to producers who were not participating.<ref name="Geiger-Onteo, Stephanie 2011">Geiger-Onteo, Stephanie, and Eric J. Arnould. "Alternative Trade Organization and Subjective Quality of Life: The Case of Latin American Coffee Producers." ''Journal of Macromarketing'' (2011): 276–290.</ref> Brazil, Nicaragua, Peru, and Guatemala, having the biggest populations of coffee producers, use some of the {{clarify|text=most substantial land|date=March 2022}} for coffee production in Latin America and do so by taking part in Fair Trade.<ref name="Geiger-Onteo, Stephanie 2011" />

Latin American countries are also large exporters of [[fair trade bananas]]. The [[Dominican Republic]] is the largest producer of fair trade bananas, followed by [[Mexico]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Costa Rica]]. Producers in the Dominican Republic set up associations rather than cooperatives so that individual farmers can each own their own land, but meet regularly.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Fundación Solidaridad was created in [[Chile]] to increase the earnings and social participation of handicraft producers. These goods are marketed locally in Chile and internationally.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> Fair trade handicraft and jewellery production has risen in recent years{{current event inline|date=March 2022}}, aided by North American and European online retailers developing direct relationships to import and sell the products online. The sale of fair trade handicrafts online has aided the development of female artisans in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mixyfandino.com/empowering-the-female-artisan/|title=mixyfandino.com/empowering-the-female-artisan/|access-date=2015-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711102103/http://www.mixyfandino.com/empowering-the-female-artisan/|archive-date=2015-07-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Asia ===
The Asia Fair Trade Forum aims to increase the competitiveness of fair trade organizations in Asia in the global market. Garment factories in Asian countries including [[China]], [[Burma]] and [[Bangladesh]] are regularly accused of human rights violations, including the use of child labour.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> These violations conflict with the principles outlined by fair trade certifiers. In [[India]], Trade Alternative Reform Action (TARA) Projects, formed in the 1970s, worked to increase production capacity, quality standards, and entrance into markets for home-based craftsmen that were previously unattainable due to their lower caste identity.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> Fairtrade India was established in 2013 in [[Bangalore]].<ref>Fairtrade Foundation, [https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/media-centre/news/fairtrade-mark-launches-in-india/ Fairtrade Mark launches in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214603/https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/media-centre/news/fairtrade-mark-launches-in-india/ |date=2021-06-02 }}, published 21 November 2013, accessed 2 June 2021</ref>

=== Australia ===
The Fair Trade Association of Australia and New Zealand (FTAANZ) supports two systems of fair trade: The first is as the Australia and New Zealand member of FLO International, which unites Fairtrade producer and labelling initiatives across Europe, Asia, Latin America, North America, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The second is the World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO), of more than 450 worldwide members, of which FTAANZ is one. Fairtrade (one word) refers to FLO-certified commodities and associated products. Fair trade (two words) encompasses the wider fair trade movement, including the Fairtrade commodities and other artisan craft products.