Editing Eucalyptus (section)

===South America===
;Argentina
It was introduced in Argentina around 1870 by President [[Domingo F. Sarmiento]], who had brought the seeds from Australia and it quickly became very popular. The most widely planted species were ''[[Eucalyptus globulus|E. globulus]]'', ''[[Eucalyptus viminalis|E. viminalis]]'' and ''[[Eucalyptus rostrata (disambiguation)|E. rostrata]]''. Currently, the [[Humid Pampas]] region has small forests and ''Eucalyptus'' barriers, some up to 80 years old, about 50 meters high and a maximum of one meter in diameter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://carlosfelice.com.ar/blog/2014/11/el-eucalipto-arbol-fundamental-en-el-campo-argentino/|title=El eucalipto, árbol fundamental en el campo argentino|access-date=Sep 11, 2020}}</ref>

;Uruguay
[[Antonio Lussich]] introduced ''Eucalyptus'' into [[Uruguay]] in approximately 1896, throughout what is now [[Maldonado Department]], and it has spread all over the south-eastern and eastern coast. There had been no trees in the area because it consisted of dry sand dunes and stones. Lussich also introduced many other trees, particularly ''[[Acacia]]'' and [[pine]]s, but they have not expanded so extensively.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

Uruguayan forestry crops using ''Eucalyptus'' species have been promoted since 1989, when the new National Forestry Law established that 20% of the national territory would be dedicated to forestry. As the main landscape of Uruguay is grassland (140,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, 87% of the national territory), most of the forestry plantations would be established in prairie regions.<ref>MGAP, 1999. Uruguay Forestal: antecedentes, legislacion y política, desarrollo actual y perspectives. Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca,
Montevideo, Uruguay.</ref><ref name="Ribeiro_1999">{{Cite web |url=http://www4.fao.org/cgi-bin/faobib.exe?rec_id=540374&database=faobib&search_type=link&table=mona&back_path=%2Ffaobib%2Fmona&lang=eng&format_name=EFMON |title=J., Ribeiro, C.M., 1999. Tendencias y perspectivas de la economı ́a forestal de los países del Conosur (&#91;&#91;Argentina&#93;&#93;, &#91;&#91;Brasil&#93;&#93;, &#91;&#91;Chile&#93;&#93;, Uruguay). Oficina Regional FAO para America Latina y el Caribe, Santiago, Chile. |access-date=2019-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030927134020/http://www4.fao.org/cgi-bin/faobib.exe?rec_id=540374&database=faobib&search_type=link&table=mona&back_path=%2Ffaobib%2Fmona&lang=eng&format_name=EFMON |archive-date=2003-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Perez-Arrarte_1993">Perez-Arrarte, C., 1993. Desarrollo forestal y medio ambiente (compilation). [[Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre el Desarrollo en Uruguay|CIEDUR]] Montevideo, Uruguay</ref>
The planting of ''Eucalyptus'' sp. has been criticised because of concerns that soil would be degraded by [[nutrient depletion]] and other biological changes.<ref name="Ribeiro_1999" /><ref name="Perez-Arrarte_1993" /><ref name="Caffera_1991">Caffera, R.M., Cespedes, C., Gonzalez, A., Gutierrez, M.O., Panario, D.H., 1991. Hacia una evaluacion de effectos ambientales de la forestacion en Uruguay con especies introducidas. CIEDUR, Montevideo, Uruguay.</ref> During the last ten years, in the northwestern regions of Uruguay the ''Eucalyptus'' sp. plantations have reached annual forestation rates of 300%. That zone has a potential forested area of 1&nbsp;million hectares, approximately 29% of the national territory dedicated to forestry, of which approximately 800,000 hectares are currently forested by monoculture of ''Eucalyptus'' spp.<ref>[http://www.mgap.gub.uy DIEA, 2010. Anuario Estadístico Agropecuario 2010. Dirección de Estadísticas Agropecuarias, Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca. Editorial Hemisferio Sur, Montevideo, Uruguay, 220p.].</ref> It is expected that the radical and durable substitution of vegetation cover leads to changes in the quantity and quality of [[soil organic matter]]. Such changes may also influence [[soil fertility]] and soil physical and chemical properties. The [[soil quality]] effects associated with ''Eucalyptus'' sp. plantations could have adverse effects on soil chemistry;<ref name="Caffera_1991" /><ref name="AgganganO'Connell1999">{{cite journal|last1=Aggangan|first1=R.T.|last2=o'Connell |first2=A.M.|last3=McGrath |first3=J.F.|last4=Dell |first4=B.|title=The effects of ''Eucalyptus globulus'' Labill. leaf letter on C and N mineralization in soils from pasture and native forest|journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry|volume=31|issue=11 |year=1999|pages=1481–7|issn=0038-0717|doi=10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00052-8|bibcode=1999SBiBi..31.1481A }}</ref><ref name="GriersonAdams2000">{{cite journal|last1=Grierson|first1=P.F|last2=Adams|first2=M.A|title=Plant species affect acid phosphatase, ergosterol and microbial P in a Jarrah (''Eucalyptus marginata'' Donn ex Sm.) forest in south-western Australia|journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry|volume=32|issue=13 |year=2000|pages=1817–27 |issn=0038-0717 |doi=10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00155-3|bibcode=2000SBiBi..32.1817G }}</ref> for example: soil acidification,<ref>Bandzouzi, J., 1993. Variabilite spatiale de quelques caracteristiques edaphiques des sols sableux sous ''Eucalyptus'' du littoral congolais. Memoire I.D.R., Universite de Rennes, France.</ref><ref name="Bernhard-Reversat1999">{{cite journal|last1=Bernhard-Reversat|first1=France|title=The leaching of ''Eucalyptus'' hybrids and ''Acacia auriculiformis'' leaf litter: laboratory experiments on early decomposition and ecological implications in congolese tree plantations|journal=Applied Soil Ecology|volume=12|issue=3|year=1999|pages=251–261|issn=0929-1393|doi=10.1016/S0929-1393(99)00005-0|bibcode=1999AppSE..12..251B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.befac.net/index.php?choix=200&page_courante=109&x_3=-1&e_p=-1&tpr_pk=1519&c_s=xxxiii&lim_c_q_a=4480&c_q_a=8&m_a_m_i=0%7CLoubelo,|title=澳门华都官网-澳门华都娱乐场-澳门华都赌场|website=www.befac.net|access-date=Sep 11, 2020|archive-date=December 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201211642/http://www.befac.net/index.php?choix=200&page_courante=109&x_3=-1&e_p=-1&tpr_pk=1519&c_s=xxxiii&lim_c_q_a=4480&c_q_a=8&m_a_m_i=0%7CLoubelo,|url-status=dead}}</ref> iron leaching, [[allelopathic]] activities<ref name="Bernhard-Reversat1999" /> and a high C:N ratio of litter.<ref name="AgganganO'Connell1999" /><ref>{{cite journal |first=P.K. |last=Khanna |title=Evaluating various indices for measuring N and P status of forest stand with examples from pine and eucalypt sites |journal=Interciencia |volume=19 |pages=366–373 |date=1994 |issn=0378-1844 }}</ref><ref name="MadeiraAndreaux1989">{{cite journal|last1=Madeira|first1=M.A.V.|last2=Andreaux|first2=F.|last3=Portal|first3=J.M.|title=Changes in soil organic matter characteristics due to reforestation with ''Eucalyptus globulus'', in Portugal|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=81–82|year=1989|pages=481–8|issn=0048-9697|doi=10.1016/0048-9697(89)90157-5|bibcode=1989ScTEn..81..481M}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=M.A.V. |last=Madeira |chapter=Influence of Mineral Nutrients Redistribution in Eucalyptus Plantations on Soil Properties |chapter-url= |editor-last=Berthelin |editor-first=J. |title=Diversity of Environmental Biogeochemistry |series=Development in Geochemistry |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-444-88900-3 |pages=485–494 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-88900-3.50052-7}}</ref> Additionally, as most scientific understanding of land cover change effects is related to ecosystems where forests were replaced by grasslands or crops, or grassland was replaced by crops, the environmental effects of the current Uruguayan land cover changes are not well understood.<ref name="AltesorDi Landro1998">{{cite journal|last1=Altesor|first1=A.|last2=Di Landro|first2=E.|last3=May|first3=H.|last4=Ezcurra|first4=E.|title=Long-term species change in a Uruguayan grassland|journal=Journal of Vegetation Science|volume=9|issue=2 |year=1998|pages=173–180 |issn=1100-9233|doi=10.2307/3237116|jstor=3237116|bibcode=1998JVegS...9..173A }}</ref> The first scientific publication on soil studies in western zone tree plantations (focused on pulp production) appeared in 2004 and described soil acidification and [[soil carbon]] changes,<ref name="Carrasco-LetelierEguren2004">{{cite journal|last1=Carrasco-Letelier|first1=L.|last2=Eguren |first2=G.|last3=Castiñeira |first3=C.|last4=Parra |first4=O.|last5=Panario|first5=D.|title=Preliminary study of prairies forested with ''Eucalyptus'' sp. at the northwestern Uruguayan soils|journal=Environmental Pollution|volume=127 |issue=1|year=2004|pages=49–55 |issn=0269-7491|doi=10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00258-6|pmid=14553994|bibcode=2004EPoll.127...49C }}</ref> similar to a [[podzolisation]] process, and destruction of clay (illite-like minerals), which is the main reservoir of potassium in the soil.<ref name="Céspedes-PayretPiñeiro2012">{{cite journal|last1=Céspedes-Payret|first1=Carlos|last2=Piñeiro |first2=Gustavo|last3=Gutiérrez|first3=Ofelia|last4=Panario |first4=Daniel|title=Land use change in a temperate grassland soil: Afforestation effects on chemical properties and their ecological and mineralogical implications|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=438 |year=2012|pages=549–557 |issn=0048-9697|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.075|pmid=23064181|bibcode=2012ScTEn.438..549C}}</ref> Although these studies were carried out in an important zone for forest cultivation, they cannot define the current situation in the rest of the land area under eucalyptus cultivation. Moreover, recently Jackson and Jobbagy have proposed another adverse environmental impact that may result from ''Eucalyptus'' culture on prairie soils—stream acidification.<ref name="FarleyPiñeiro2008">{{cite journal|last1=Farley|first1=Kathleen A.|last2=Piñeiro|first2=Gervasio|last3=Palmer|first3=Sheila M.|last4=Jobbágy|first4=Esteban G.|last5=Jackson|first5=Robert B.|s2cid=53526927|title=Stream acidification and base cation losses with grassland afforestation|journal=Water Resources Research|volume=44|year=2008|issn=0043-1397|doi=10.1029/2007WR006659|issue=7 |bibcode=2008WRR....44.0A03F|hdl=11336/135148|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

The ''Eucalyptus'' species most planted are ''E. grandis'', ''E. globulus'' and ''E. dunnii''; they are used mainly for pulp mills. Approximately 80,000 ha of ''E. grandis'' situated in the departments of Rivera, Tacuarembó and Paysandú is primarily earmarked for the solid wood market, although a portion of it is used for sawlogs and plywood. The current area under commercial forest plantation is 6% of the total. The main uses of the wood produced are elemental chlorine free pulp mill production (for [[cellulose]] and [[paper]]), [[sawlog]]s, [[plywood]] and [[bioenergy]] ([[thermoelectric]] generation). Most of the products obtained from [[sawmill]]s and [[pulp mill]]s, as well as plywood and [[Trunk (botany)|logs]], are exported. This has raised the income of this sector with respect to traditional products from other sectors. Uruguayan forestry plantations have rates of growth of 30 cubic metres per hectare per year and commercial harvesting occurs after nine years.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

;Brazil

[[File:Plantação de Eucalipto, Parque do Itaim - Taubaté.jpg|thumb|260x260px|A c. 13-year-old plantation, in [[Taubaté]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]]]

Eucalypts were introduced to [[Brazil]] in 1910, for [[timber]] substitution and the [[charcoal]] industry. It has thrived in the local environment, and today there are around 7&nbsp;million hectares planted. The wood is highly valued by the charcoal and pulp and paper industries. The short rotation allows a larger wood production and supplies wood for several other activities, helping to preserve the native forests from logging. When well managed, the plantation soils can sustain endless replanting. ''Eucalyptus'' plantings are also used as [[windbreak|wind breaks]]. Brazil's plantations have world-record rates of growth, typically over 40 cubic metres per hectare per year,<ref name="Brazil">{{cite web|url=http://lamar.colostate.edu/~binkley/Brazileucalyptus.htm|title=Brazil Eucalyptus Potential Productivity|publisher=Colorado State University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212024604/http://lamar.colostate.edu/~binkley/Brazileucalyptus.htm|archive-date=2012-12-12}}</ref> and commercial harvesting occurs after years 5. Due to continual development and governmental funding, year-on-year growth is consistently being improved. ''Eucalyptus'' can produce up to 100 cubic metres per hectare per year. Brazil has become the top exporter and producer of ''Eucalyptus'' round wood and pulp, and has played an important role in developing the Australian market through the country's{{Clarify|date=May 2009}} committed research in this area. The local iron producers in Brazil rely heavily on sustainably grown ''Eucalyptus'' for [[charcoal]]; this has greatly pushed up the price of charcoal in recent years. The plantations are generally owned and operated for national and international industry by timber asset companies such as [[Thomson Forestry]], Greenwood Management or cellulose producers such as [[Aracruz Cellulose]] and [[Stora Enso]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}

Overall, South America was expected to produce 55% of the world's ''Eucalyptus'' round-wood by 2010. Many environmental NGOs have criticised the use of exotic tree species for forestry in Latin America.<ref>An example of a poster from a campaign against ''Eucalyptus'' culture is [http://www.redes.org.uy/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Banner-Forestales-RIO-OK-.pdf here.]</ref>