Editing Estrogen (section)

==Society and culture==

===Etymology===
The name ''estrogen'' is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|οἶστρος}} ({{transliteration|grc|oîstros}}), literally meaning "verve" or "inspiration" but figuratively sexual passion or desire,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=oistros&la=greek | title = Greek Word Study Tool: oistros|publisher = [[Perseus Project|Perseus Digital Library]] | access-date = 28 December 2011 }}</ref> and the suffix ''[[wikt:-gen|-gen]]'', meaning "producer of".

===Environment===
A range of synthetic and natural substances that possess estrogenic activity have been identified in the [[natural environment|environment]] and are referred to [[xenoestrogen]]s.<ref name=pmid11258977>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fang H, Tong W, Shi LM, Blair R, Perkins R, Branham W, Hass BS, Xie Q, Dial SL, Moland CL, Sheehan DM | title = Structure-activity relationships for a large diverse set of natural, synthetic, and environmental estrogens | journal = Chemical Research in Toxicology | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 280–294 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11258977 | doi = 10.1021/tx000208y | citeseerx = 10.1.1.460.20 }}</ref>
* Synthetic substances such as [[bisphenol A]] as well as [[metalloestrogen]]s (e.g., [[cadmium]]).
* Plant products with estrogenic activity are called [[phytoestrogen]]s (e.g., [[coumestrol]], [[daidzein]], [[genistein]], [[miroestrol]]).
* Those produced by fungi are known as [[mycoestrogens]] (e.g., [[zearalenone]]).

Estrogens are among the wide range of [[endocrine disruptor|endocrine-disrupting compounds]] (EDCs) because they have high estrogenic potency. When an EDC makes its way into the environment, it may cause male reproductive dysfunction to wildlife and humans.<ref name="Wang_2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang S, Huang W, Fang G, Zhang Y, Qiao H | title=Analysis of steroidal estrogen residues in food and environmental samples | journal = International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry | volume = 88 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–25 | doi =10.1080/03067310701597293 | year = 2008 | bibcode=2008IJEAC..88....1W | s2cid=93975613 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The estrogen excreted from farm animals makes its way into fresh water systems.<ref name="pmid20977246">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wise A, O'Brien K, Woodruff T | title = Are oral contraceptives a significant contributor to the estrogenicity of drinking water? | journal = Environmental Science & Technology | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 51–60 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 20977246 | doi = 10.1021/es1014482}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Peach S |title=Don't Blame The Pill {{!}} Latest News | work = Chemical & Engineering News |url= https://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/news/88/i44/8844news4.html |access-date=22 April 2023 }}</ref>  During the germination period of reproduction the fish are exposed to low levels of estrogen which may cause reproductive dysfunction to male fish.<ref name="pmid16203238">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liney KE, Jobling S, Shears JA, Simpson P, Tyler CR | title = Assessing the sensitivity of different life stages for sexual disruption in roach (Rutilus rutilus) exposed to effluents from wastewater treatment works | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 113 | issue = 10 | pages = 1299–1307 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16203238 | pmc = 1281270 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.7921 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16818244">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jobling S, Williams R, Johnson A, Taylor A, Gross-Sorokin M, Nolan M, Tyler CR, van Aerle R, Santos E, Brighty G | title = Predicted exposures to steroid estrogens in U.K. rivers correlate with widespread sexual disruption in wild fish populations | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 114 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 32–39 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16818244 | pmc = 1874167 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.8050 }}</ref>

===Cosmetics===
Some hair [[shampoo]]s on the market include estrogens and placental extracts; others contain [[phytoestrogen]]s. In 1998, there were case reports of four prepubescent African-American girls developing breasts after exposure to these shampoos.<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Sanghavi DM | title=Preschool Puberty, and a Search for the Causes | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | date = 17 October 2006 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/science/17puberty.html |access-date=4 June 2008 }}</ref> In 1993, the FDA determined that not all [[over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]] topically applied hormone-containing drug products for human use are [[generally recognized as safe and effective]] and are misbranded. An accompanying proposed rule deals with cosmetics, concluding that any use of natural estrogens in a cosmetic product makes the product an unapproved new drug and that any cosmetic using the term "hormone" in the text of its labeling or in its ingredient statement makes an implied drug claim, subjecting such a product to regulatory action.<ref name="FDA cosmetics">{{cite web |author=FDA | date=February 1995 |title=Products containing estrogenic hormones, placental extract or vitamins |work=Guide to Inspections of Cosmetic Product Manufacturers |url=https://www.fda.gov/ora/inspect_ref/igs/cosmet.html |access-date=24 October 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071014014542/https://www.fda.gov/ora/inspect_ref/igs/cosmet.html |archive-date = 14 October 2007}}</ref>

In addition to being considered misbranded drugs, products claiming to contain placental extract may also be deemed to be misbranded cosmetics if the extract has been prepared from placentas from which the hormones and other biologically active substances have been removed and the extracted substance consists principally of protein. The FDA recommends that this substance be identified by a name other than "placental extract" and describing its composition more accurately because consumers associate the name "placental extract" with a therapeutic use of some biological activity.<ref name="FDA cosmetics"/>