Editing Earl Warren (section)

===Historical reputation===
[[File:14 Earl Warren bust, US Supreme Court.jpg|thumb|Warren bust, [[U.S. Supreme Court]]]]
Warren is generally considered to be one of the most influential U.S. Supreme Court justices,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/12/the-100-most-influential-figures-in-american-history/305384/|title=The 100 Most Influential Figures in American History|date=December 1, 2006|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=September 1, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/12/they-made-america/305385/|title=They Made America|last=Douthat|first=Ross|date=December 1, 2006|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=September 1, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/09/15/how-americas-supreme-court-became-so-politicised|title=How America's Supreme Court became so politicised|date=September 15, 2018|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=October 4, 2019|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> as well as political leaders in the history of the United States.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0319.html|title=Earl Warren, 83, Who Led High Court In Time of Vast Social Change, Is Dead|website=archive.nytimes.com|access-date=September 1, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2731&context=californialawreview|title=Earl Warren--A Tribute|last=Truman|first=Harry|website=University of California, Berkeley}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.californiamuseum.org/inductee/earl-warren|title=Earl Warren|website=California Museum|date=February 17, 2012 |language=en|access-date=September 1, 2019}}</ref> The [[Warren Court]] has been recognized by many to have created a [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]] "Constitutional Revolution",<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swindler|first=William F.|date=1970|title=The Warren Court: Completion of a Constitutional Revolution|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/73968804.pdf|journal=Vanderbilt Law Review|volume=23|access-date=September 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003223936/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/73968804.pdf|archive-date=October 3, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> which embodied a deep belief in equal justice, [[freedom]], [[democracy]], and [[human rights]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Horwitz|first=Morton J.|date=Winter 1993|title=The Warren Court And The Pursuit Of Justice|url=https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1814&context=wlulr|journal=Washington and Lee Law Review|volume=50}}</ref>{{sfn|Driver|2012}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Warren Court and American Politics|last=Powe|first=Lucas A. Jr.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2002}}</ref> In July 1974, after Warren died, the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' commented that "Mr. Warren ranked with [[John Marshall]] and [[Roger Taney]] as one of the three most important chief justices in the nation's history."<ref name=":21"/> In December 2006, ''[[The Atlantic]]'' cited Earl Warren as the 29th most influential person in the history of the United States and the second most influential Chief Justice, after John Marshall.<ref name=":1"/> In September 2018, ''[[The Economist]]'' named Warren as "the 20th century's most consequential American jurist" and one of "the 20th century's greatest liberal jurists".<ref name=":9"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/americas-highest-court-needs-term-limits|title=America's highest court needs term limits|date=September 15, 2018|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=October 4, 2019|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

President [[Harry S. Truman]] wrote in his tribute to Warren, which appeared in the ''[[California Law Review]]'' in 1970, "[t]he Warren record as Chief Justice has stamped him in the annals of history as the man who read and interpreted the [[Constitution]] in relation to its ultimate intent. He sensed the call of the times-and he rose to the call."<ref name=":0" /> Supreme Court Associate Justice [[William O. Douglas]] wrote, in the same article, "in my view [Warren] will rank with [[John Marshall|Marshall]] and [[Charles Evans Hughes|Hughes]] in the broad sweep of United States history".<ref name=":0" /> According to biographer Ed Cray, Warren was "second in greatness only to [[John Marshall]] himself in the eyes of most impartial students of the Court as well as the Court's critics."{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=530–531}} [[Pulitzer Prize]] winner [[Anthony Lewis]] described Warren as "the closest thing the United States has had to a [[Philosopher king|Platonic Guardian]]".{{sfn|Hutchinson|1983|p=924}} In 1958, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] sent one copy of his newly published book, ''[[Stride Toward Freedom]]'', to Chief Justice Earl Warren, writing on the first free end page:<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hakes.com/Auction/ItemDetail/98714/MARTIN-LUTHER-KING-JRS-FIRST-BOOK-SIGNED-AND-INSCRIBED-TO-CHIEF-JUSTICE-EARL-WARREN|title=Hake's - MARTIN LUTHER KING JR'S FIRST BOOK SIGNED AND INSCRIBED TO CHIEF JUSTICE EARL WARREN.|website=www.hakes.com|access-date=September 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observer.com/2015/07/pop-culture-auction-house-sells-1-2m-in-memorabilia/|title=First Edition MLK Book Belonging to Earl Warren Leads $1.2M Pop Collectibles Sale|date=July 28, 2015|website=Observer|language=en|access-date=September 22, 2019}}</ref> "To: Justice Earl Warren. In appreciation for your genuine good-will, your great humanitarian concern, and your unswerving devotion to the sublime principles of our American democracy. With warm Regards, Martin L. King Jr." The book remained with Warren's family until 2015, when it was auctioned online for [[US$]]49,335 (including the [[buyer's premium]]).<ref name=":7"/>

Warren's critics found him a boring person. [[Dennis J. Hutchinson]] wrote: "Although Warren was an important and courageous figure and although he inspired passionate devotion among his followers...he was a dull man and a dull judge."{{sfn|Hutchinson|1983|p=930}} [[Conservatism in the United States|Conservatives]] attacked the Warren Court's rulings as inappropriate and have called for courts to be deferential to the elected political branches.{{sfn|Urofsky|2001|p=xii}}{{sfn|Powe|2000|p=101|}} In his 1977 book ''[[Government by Judiciary]]'', [[originalist]] and legal scholar [[Raoul Berger]] accuses the Warren Court of overstepping its authority by interpreting the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th Amendment]] in a way contrary to the original intent of its draftsmen and framers in order to achieve results that it found desirable as a matter of [[public policy]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Raoul Berger |url=https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/berger-government-by-judiciary-the-transformation-of-the-fourteenth-amendment |title=Government by Judiciary: The Transformation of the Fourteenth Amendment |publisher=Online Library of Liberty |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>

Overall, law professor Justin Driver divides interpretations of the Warren Court into three main groups: conservatives such as [[Robert Bork]] who attack the Court as "a legislator of policy...that was not theirs to make", liberals such as [[Morton Horwitz]] who strongly approve of the Court, and liberals such as [[Cass Sunstein]] who largely approve of the Court's overall legacy but believe that it went too far in making policy in some cases.{{sfn|Driver|2012}} Driver offers a fourth view, arguing that the Warren Court took overly conservative stances in such cases as ''[[Powell v. Texas]]'' and ''[[Hoyt v. Florida]]''.{{Sfn|Driver|2012|pp=1103–1107}} As for the legacy of the Warren Court, Chief Justice Burger, who succeeded Earl Warren in 1969, proved to be quite ineffective at consolidating conservative control over the Court, so the Warren Court legacy continued in many respects until about 1986, when [[William Rehnquist]] became chief justice and took firmer control of the agenda.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Stephen L.|last=Wasby|title=Civil Rights and the Supreme Court: A Return of the Past|journal=[[National Political Science Review]]|date=July 1993|volume=4|pages=49–60}}</ref> Even the more conservative [[Rehnquist Court]] refrained from expressly overturning major Warren Court cases such as ''Miranda'', ''Gideon'', ''Brown v. Board of Education'', and ''Reynolds v. Sims''.{{Sfn|Cray|1997|pp=529–530}} On occasion, the Rehnquist Court expanded Warren Court precedents, such as in ''[[Bush v. Gore]]'', where the Rehnquist Court applied the principles of 1960s voting rights cases to invalidate Florida's recount in the [[2000 U.S. presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web|author=E. Joshua Rosenkranz |url=https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/high-courts-misuse-past |title=High Court's Misuse of the Past |publisher=Brennan Center for Justice |date=January 15, 2001 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>