Editing ETA (separatist group) (section)

==Other related armed groups==

===Disbanded violent groups===
* Anti-ETA groups:
** ''[[Acción Nacional Española]]''
** ''ATE ([[Anti-Terrorismo ETA]])''
** ''[[Batallón Vasco Español]]''
** ''[[Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación]]'' (GAL)
** ''[[Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey]]''
* Minor Basque nationalist and radical left-wing groups:
** ''[[Iparretarrak]]''
** ''[[Iraultza]]''
** ''[[Comandos Autónomos Anticapitalistas]]''
** ''[[Euskal Zuzentasuna]]''
** ''[[Hordago]]''<ref>[http://www.euskonews.com/0360zbk/gaia36002eu.html A history of Iparretarrak, by Eneko Bidegain], ''Euskonews & Media'', 2006.</ref>
** ''[[Irrintzi]]''

===International links===
* ETA was known to have had 'fraternal' contacts with the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]; the two groups have both, at times, characterized their struggles as parallel. Links between the two groups go back to at least March 1974.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tim Pat Coogan|title=The IRA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UF1l4dBRWMC&pg=PA436|access-date=30 January 2011|year=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-29416-8|pages=436–}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/176082.stm Europe | Adams urges ETA towards peace]. BBC News (20 September 1998). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref> ETA purchased [[Strela 2]] surface-to-air missiles from the IRA and in 2001 unsuccessfully attempted to shoot down a jet carrying the Spanish Prime Minister, [[José María Aznar]].<ref>Govan, Fiona. (18 January 2010) [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/7018862/Spanish-PM-saved-by-faulty-IRA-missile.html Spanish PM 'saved' by faulty IRA missile]. Telegraph. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref> IRA member [[Maria McGuire]] stated the IRA received fifty [[revolver]]s from ETA in exchange for explosives training.<ref>{{cite book | last = Geraghty | first = Tony | author-link = Tony Geraghty | title = The Irish War: The Military History of a Domestic Conflict | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-00-638674-2|pages=177–178}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Mallie | first1 = Eamonn | last2 = Bishop | first2 = Patrick | title = The Provisional IRA | publisher = [[Corgi Books]] | year = 1988 | isbn = 0-7475-3818-2|page=308}}</ref>
* In the late 1960s, the Portuguese group {{Ill|Liga de Unidade e Ação Revolucionária|pt}} (LUAR), which was fighting the dictatorship, brokered the contacts that allowed ETA to purchase weapons in the then [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krutwigh|first=Frederico|title=Ayer y hoy|journal=Muga|publication-date=September 1979}}</ref> The partnership continued as LUAR would later assign part of the  stolen passports on Portugal consulted in [[Rotterdam]] and Luxembourg, in 1971. These were used by ETA in the Ogro operation that resulted in the  assassination of Prime Minister, [[Admiral]] [[Luis Carrero Blanco|Carrero Blanco]].<ref name=":0" /> Later, in 1981, when Portugal and Spain were living already in full democracy, ETA exchanged weapons, explosives and provided logistical support to the [[Forças Populares 25 de Abril|Forças Populares 25 de Abril (FP-25)]], a Portuguese far-left terrorist group. In 1981, [[FP-25]] received Gama 2 explosives and two dozen FireBird pistols in exchange for G3 machine guns.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rituerto|first=Ricardo Martínez de|date=1985-11-06|title=ETA entregó armas a las FP-25 de Portugal, según un 'arrepentido'|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1985/11/07/internacional/500166017_850215.html|access-date=2022-02-13|issn=1134-6582}}</ref> Additionally, ETA came to harbor, in the Basque Country, two FP-25 terrorists who needed to retreat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Noivo|first=Diogo|title=Uma história da ETA: Nação e violência em Espanha e Portugal|publisher=BookBuilders|year=2020|isbn=978-989-8973-15-3|location=Lisbon|pages=265–282|language=Pt|chapter=Ibéria|oclc=1247684111}}</ref>
* ETA acquired weapons from [[Carlos the Jackal]] (Ilich Ramírez Sánchez) in the early 1980s.<ref>Follain, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3t5jtM2faD8C&q=eta&pg=PA285 Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal] Arcade Publishing, 1998. Pages 129-130</ref>
* In 1999 ETA militants teamed up with the (now self-dissolved) [[Breton Revolutionary Army]] to steal [[Titadyne|explosives]] from magazines in [[Brittany]].
* ETA had extensive ties with the [[Breton Liberation Front]] - both organizations shared intelligence, and Breton revolutionaries received training from ETA in the Basque movement's clandestine camps in the [[Pyrenees]].<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Constructing the 'Third Europe'? The International Connections of Radical Nationalist Organizations in Western Europe, 1960-1980 |date=28 April 2017 |first=Kyle Thomas |last=McCreanor |url=https://www.uvic.ca/humanities/history/assets/docs/Honours%20Thesis%20-%20Kyle%20McCreanor1.pdf |publisher=University of Victoria |degree=Bachelor of Arts in History |page=14}}</ref> Both organizations also published a joint declaration opposing the expansion of the [[European Economic Community]] and condemning the European Union as exploitative and bourgeois; the declaration also stated: "The fight against imperialism and colonialism in the Western European subcontinent calls for determined and fundamental opposition to the Common Market. The national oppression and economic exploitation suffered by the Irish, Basque, and Breton people can do nothing in effect but worsen by the development of this vast and dangerous capitalist enterprise."<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Constructing the 'Third Europe'? The International Connections of Radical Nationalist Organizations in Western Europe, 1960-1980 |date=28 April 2017 |first=Kyle Thomas |last=McCreanor |url=https://www.uvic.ca/humanities/history/assets/docs/Honours%20Thesis%20-%20Kyle%20McCreanor1.pdf |publisher=University of Victoria |degree=Bachelor of Arts in History |page=13}}</ref>
* ETA received funding and weapons from associates of Radovan Karadzic within the [[Republika Srpska]], in the aftermath of the [[Yugoslav Wars]].{{r|safer}}
* A Catalan revolutionary organization that based itself off ETA, [[Terra Lliure]], was an ally of ETA, and both organizations coordinated their actions and supported each other.<ref name="terra"/>
* The Colombian government stated that there are contacts between ETA and the Colombian guerrillas [[FARC]]. The recent capture of FARC's leaders' computers, and leaked email exchanges between both groups, show that ETA members received training from FARC. Apparently, FARC asked for help from ETA to conduct future attacks in Spain,<ref name="tehrantimes1">[http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=170006 Colombia VP says FARC sought ETA ties for an attack in Spain]. Tehran Times (1 June 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref><ref name="France 24">[http://www.france24.com/en/20080530-colombia-farc-sought-launch-attack-with-eta-colombia-spain-terrorism&navi=MONDE Colombia: FARC sought to launch attack with ETA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604123110/http://www.france24.com/en/20080530-colombia-farc-sought-launch-attack-with-eta-colombia-spain-terrorism%26navi%3DMONDE |date=4 June 2008 }} France24. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref><ref name="PeopleDaily">[http://spanish.peopledaily.com.cn/spanish/200108/17/sp20010817_48609.html Colombia: Sospechan relación de ETA con las FARC] General Commander [[Fernando Tapias]] in August 2001.</ref> but the Anncol news agency later denied it, clarifying that the Spanish capital Madrid had been confused with a city in northern Colombia also named Madrid.<ref name="France 24" /> Following a judicial investigation, it was reported that FARC and ETA had held meetings in Colombia, exchanging information about combat tactics and methods of activating explosives through mobile phones. The two organizations were said to have met at least three times. One of the meetings involved two ETA representatives and two FARC leaders, at a FARC camp, and lasted for a week in 2003. FARC also offered to hide ETA fugitives while requesting anti-air missiles, as well as asking ETA to supply medical experts who could work at FARC prison camps for more than a year. Besides, and more controversially, FARC also asked ETA to stage attacks and kidnappings on its behalf in Europe.<ref>[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/241544,farc-and-eta-exchanged-information-about-military-tactics--report.html FARC and ETA exchanged information about military tactics – report | Earth Times News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403115604/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/241544,farc-and-eta-exchanged-information-about-military-tactics--report.html |date=3 April 2015 }}. ''Earthtimes.org'' (13 November 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref>
** Italian author and mafia specialist [[Roberto Saviano]] pointed to a relationship of the group with [[Italian Mafia|the Mafia]]. According to this view, ETA trafficked [[cocaine]] which it got via its FARC contacts, then traded it with the Mafia for guns.<ref>[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Saviano/dice/ETA/paramafiosa/trafica/cocaina/elpepucul/20090831elpepucul_5/Tes Saviano dice que ETA "es paramafiosa y trafica con cocaína" · ELPAÍS.com]. Elpais.com. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.</ref>
* Several ex-militants were sent from France through Panama to reside in Cuba after an agreement of the Spanish government (under [[Felipe González]]) with Cuba.<ref name="Cuban">''[http://www3.itu.int/MISSIONS/Cuba/Atlapa.htm Conferencia de Prensa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184148/http://www3.itu.int/MISSIONS/Cuba/Atlapa.htm |date=30 September 2007 }} ofrecida for [[Felipe Pérez Roque]], Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba. Centro de Convenciones "[[Atlapa Convention Centre|Atlapa]]" de la Ciudad de Panamá''. 7 November 2000.</ref> The [[United States Department of State]] has no information on their activities on Cuban territory.<ref name="DoS">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2005/64337.htm Country Reports on Terrorism: Released by the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism] (28 April 2006): ''The Government of Cuba maintains close relationships with other state sponsors of terrorism such as Iran and North Korea, and has provided a haven to members of'' ETA'', FARC, and the [[National Liberation Army (Colombia)|ELN]].'' There is no information concerning activities of these or other organizations on Cuban territory. Press reports indicate that fugitives from US justice and ETA members are living legally in Cuba, just like fugitives from Cuban justice live legally in the US. The United States says it is not aware of specific terrorist enclaves in the country.</ref>
* [[Mapuche]] groups in the Argentine province of [[Neuquén]] have been accused of being trained by both ETA and [[FARC]]. Local Mapuches have classified the rumours as part of a plot by businessmen and other Argentines.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 September 2009 |title=Acusan a la comunidad mapuche de relacionarse con ETA y con las FARC |url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/09/05/internacional/1252122031.html |newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |language=es |access-date=18 November 2015}}</ref> The [[United States diplomatic cables leak]] showed the government of [[Michelle Bachelet]] had asked the United States aid in investigating a possible FARC-ETA-Mapuche link.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 December 2010 |title=Le preocupaba vínculo de mapuches, FARC y ETA |url=http://www.rionegro.com.ar/diario/le-preocupaba-vinculo-de-mapuches-farc-y-eta-518864-9533-nota.aspx |newspaper=RioNegro |language=es |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120062331/http://www.rionegro.com.ar/diario/le-preocupaba-vinculo-de-mapuches-farc-y-eta-518864-9533-nota.aspx |archive-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref>