Editing Dissociative identity disorder (section)

===History in the DSM===
The DSM-II used the term ''hysterical neurosis, dissociative type''. It described the possible occurrence of alterations in the patient's state of consciousness or identity, and included the symptoms of "amnesia, somnambulism, fugue, and multiple personality".<ref name=dsmii/> The DSM-III grouped the diagnosis with the other four major [[dissociative disorders]] using the term "multiple personality disorder". The [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM-IV]] made more changes to DID than any other dissociative disorder,<ref name = Cardena/> and renamed it DID.<ref name=dsm/> The name was changed for two reasons: First, the change emphasizes the main problem is not a multitude of personalities, but rather a lack of a single, unified identity<ref name = Cardena/> and an emphasis on "the identities as centers of information processing".<ref name = Spiegel/> Second, the term "personality" is used to refer to "characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, moods, and behaviors of the whole individual", while for a patient with DID, the switches between identities and behavior patterns is the personality.<ref name = Cardena/> It is, for this reason, the DSM-IV-TR referred to "distinct identities or personality states" instead of personalities. The diagnostic criteria also changed to indicate that while the patient may name and personalize alters, they lack independent, objective existence.<ref name = Cardena/> The changes also included the addition of amnesia as a symptom, which was not included in the DSM-III-R because despite being a core symptom of the condition, patients may experience "amnesia for the amnesia" and fail to report it.<ref name = Spiegel/> Amnesia was replaced when it became clear that the risk of [[Type II error|false negative]] diagnoses was low because amnesia was central to DID.<ref name = Cardena/>

The [[ICD-10]] places the diagnosis in the category of "dissociative disorders", within the subcategory of "other dissociative (conversion) disorders", but continues to list the condition as multiple personality disorder.<ref name="ICD10">{{cite web|title=The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders|url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref>

The DSM-IV-TR criteria for DID have been criticized for failing to capture the clinical complexity of DID, lacking usefulness in diagnosing individuals with DID (for instance, by focusing on the two least frequent and most subtle symptoms of DID) producing a high rate of [[Type II error|false negatives]] and an excessive number of DDNOS diagnoses, for excluding [[Spirit possession|possession]] (seen as a cross-cultural form of DID), and for including only two "core" symptoms of DID (amnesia and self-alteration) while failing to discuss hallucinations, trance-like states, [[somatoform disorder|somatoform]], [[depersonalization]], and [[derealization]] symptoms. Arguments have been made for allowing diagnosis through the presence of some, but not all of the characteristics of DID rather than the current exclusive focus on the two least common and noticeable features.<ref name = Spiegel/> The DSM-IV-TR criteria have also been criticized<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Warelow |first1=Philip |last2=Holmes |first2=Colin A. |title=Deconstructing the DSM-IV-TR: A critical perspective: DECONSTRUCTING DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES |journal=International Journal of Mental Health Nursing |date=December 2011 |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=383–391 |doi=10.1111/j.1447-0349.2011.00749.x <!--|access-date=4 May 2023-->|pmid=21605302 }}</ref> for being [[tautology (logic)|tautological]], using imprecise and undefined language and for the use of instruments that give a false sense of validity and empirical certainty to the diagnosis.

The [[DSM-5]] updated the definition of DID in 2013, summarizing the changes as:<ref name=highlights>{{cite web | title = Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 | url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917201810/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf | archive-date=2013-09-17 | date = 2013-05-17 | publisher = [[American Psychiatric Association]] |access-date=2013-09-06}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Several changes to the criteria for dissociative identity disorder have been made in DSM-5. First, Criterion A has been expanded to include certain possession-form phenomena and functional neurological symptoms to account for more diverse presentations of the disorder. Second, Criterion A now specifically states that transitions in identity may be observable by others or self-reported. Third, according to Criterion B, individuals with dissociative identity disorder may have recurrent gaps in recall for everyday events, not just for traumatic experiences. Other text modifications clarify the nature and course of identity disruptions.}}

Between 1968 and 1980, the term that was used for dissociative identity disorder was "Hysterical neurosis, dissociative type". The APA wrote in the second edition of the DSM: "In the dissociative type, alterations may occur in the patient's state of consciousness or in his identity, to produce such symptoms as amnesia, somnambulism, fugue, and multiple personality."<ref name=dsmii>{{cite book | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | year = 1968 | chapter = Hysterical Neurosis | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders second edition | page = 40 | location = Washington, D.C. }}</ref> The number of cases sharply increased in the late 1970s and throughout the 80s, and the first scholarly [[monograph]]s on the topic appeared in 1986.<ref name = Kihlstrom/>

====Book and film ''Sybil''====
In 1974, the highly influential book ''[[Sybil (Schreiber book)|Sybil]]'' was published, and later made into a [[miniseries]] in [[Sybil (1976 film)|1976]] and [[Sybil (2007 film)|again in 2007]]. Describing what Robert Rieber called "the third most famous of multiple personality cases,"<ref name = Rieber>{{cite journal | author = Rieber, R.W. | year = 1999 | title = Hypnosis, false memory and multiple personality: A trinity of affinity | journal = History of Psychiatry | volume = 10 | issue = 37 | pages = 3–11 | pmid = 11623821 | doi = 10.1177/0957154X9901003701 | s2cid = 41343058 }}</ref> it presented a detailed discussion of the problems of treatment of "Sybil Isabel Dorsett", a [[pseudonym]] for [[Shirley Ardell Mason]].

Though the book and subsequent films helped popularize the diagnosis and trigger an epidemic of the diagnosis,<ref name = Paris2012>{{cite journal | author = Paris, J. | year = 2012 | title = The rise and fall of dissociative identity disorder | journal = [[Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease]] | volume = 200 | issue = 12 | pages = 1076–1079 | pmid = 23197123 | doi = 10.1097/NMD.0b013e318275d285 | s2cid = 32336795 }}</ref> later analysis of the case suggested different interpretations, ranging from Mason's problems having been caused by the therapeutic methods and [[Sodium thiopental|sodium pentathol]] injections used by her psychiatrist, [[Cornelia B. Wilbur|C. B. Wilbur]], or an inadvertent hoax due in part to the lucrative publishing rights,<ref name = Rieber/><ref>{{cite book | last = Nathan | first = Debbie | author-link = Debbie Nathan | year = 2011 | title = Sybil exposed | publisher = [[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] | isbn = 978-1-4391-6827-1 | url = https://archive.org/details/sybilexposedextr00nath_0 }}</ref> though this conclusion has itself been challenged.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lawrence | first = M. | year = 2008 | title = Review of ''Bifurcation of the Self: The History and Theory of Dissociation and its Disorders'' | journal = American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 273–283 | doi=10.1080/00029157.2008.10401633| s2cid = 219594172 }}</ref>

David Spiegel, a Stanford psychiatrist whose father treated Shirley Ardell Mason on occasion, says that his father described Mason as "a brilliant hysteric. He felt that Wilbur tended to pressure her to exaggerate on the dissociation she already had."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilson |first1=Sianne |date=2014-11-24 |df=dmy-all |title=Sybil: A brilliant hysteric? |website=RetroReport.org |url=http://www.retroreport.org/video/sybil-a-brilliant-hysteric/ |access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref> {{Better source needed|date=June 2020|reason=I think Herbert Spiegel himself wrote about it.}} As media attention on DID increased, so too did the controversy surrounding the diagnosis.<ref name="Farrell">{{cite journal |author=Farrell, H.M. |year=2011 |title=Dissociative identity disorder: Medicolegal challenges |url=http://www.jaapl.org/content/39/3/402.full.pdf+html |journal=The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=402–406 |pmid=21908758}}</ref>

====Re-classifications====
The DSM-III intentionally omitted the terms "hysteria" and "neurosis", naming those as Dissociative Disorders, which included Multiple Personality Disorder,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=American Psychiatric Association |url=http://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis00amer_1 |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-III-R |last2=American Psychiatric Association. Work Group to Revise DSM-III |date=1987 |publisher=Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-89042-018-8}}</ref> and also added Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Anxiety Disorders section.

In the opinion of [[McGill University]] psychiatrist Joel Paris, this inadvertently legitimized them by forcing textbooks, which mimicked the structure of the DSM, to include a separate chapter on them and resulted in an increase in diagnosis of dissociative conditions. Once a rarely occurring spontaneous phenomenon (research in 1944 showed only 76 cases),<ref>{{cite news |title=''Creating Hysteria'' by Joan Acocella |year=1999 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |type=book review |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/a/acocella-hysteria.html}}</ref> the diagnosis became "an artifact of bad (or naïve) psychotherapy" as patients capable of dissociating were accidentally encouraged to express their symptoms by "overly fascinated" therapists.<ref name=Paris2008>{{cite book |isbn=978-0-19-531383-3 |last=Paris |first=J |year=2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |title=Prescriptions for the Mind: A Critical View of Contemporary Psychiatry |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g66_hwnQHU8C&pg=PA92 92]}}</ref>

"Interpersonality amnesia" was removed as a diagnostic feature from the DSM III in 1987, which may have contributed to the increasing frequency of the diagnosis.<ref name = Kihlstrom/> There were 200 reported cases of DID as of 1980, and 20,000 from 1980 to 1990.<ref name="pmid7788115">{{cite journal | author = Merskey H | title = Multiple personality disorder and false memory syndrome | journal = [[British Journal of Psychiatry]] | volume = 166 | issue = 3 | pages = 281–283 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7788115 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.166.3.281 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Joan Acocella]] reports that 40,000 cases were diagnosed from 1985 to 1995.<ref name="Accocella">{{cite book |last=Acocella |first=JR |author-link=Joan Acocella |title=Creating Hysteria: Women and Multiple Personality Disorder |publisher=Jossey-Bass |location=San Francisco |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7879-4794-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/creatinghysteria00acoc }}</ref> Scientific publications regarding DID peaked in the mid-1990s, rapidly declined,<ref name = Pope/> then has continued on a steady increasing trend since.<ref name=boysen2024/>

In 1994, the fourth edition of the DSM replaced the criteria again and changed the name of the condition from "multiple personality disorder" to the current "dissociative identity disorder" to emphasize the importance of changes to consciousness and identity rather than personality. The inclusion of interpersonality amnesia helped to distinguish DID from [[dissociative disorder not otherwise specified]] (DDNOS), but the condition retains an inherent subjectivity due to difficulty in defining terms such as personality, identity, ego-state, and even [[amnesia]].<ref name = Kihlstrom>{{cite journal | author = Kihlstrom, J.F. | year = 2005 | title = Dissociative disorders | journal = Annual Review of Clinical Psychology | volume = 1 | pages = 227–53 | pmid = 17716088 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143925 | issue=1}}</ref> The [[ICD-10]] classified DID as a "Dissociative [conversion] disorder" and used the name "multiple personality disorder" with the classification number of F44.81.<ref name = ICD10/> In the [[ICD-11]], the [[World Health Organization]] have classified DID under the name "dissociative identity disorder" (code 6B64), and most cases formerly diagnosed as DDNOS are classified as "partial dissociative identity disorder" (code 6B65).<ref>{{cite web |title=ICD-11 for: 6B65 Partial dissociative identity disorder |series=Mortality and Morbidity Statistics |website=icd.who.int |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/988400777 |access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref>