Editing Desalination (section)

===Intake===
In the United States, cooling water intake structures are regulated by the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA). These structures can have the same impacts on the environment as desalination facility intakes. According to EPA, water intake structures cause adverse environmental impact by sucking fish and shellfish or their eggs into an industrial system. There, the organisms may be killed or injured by heat, physical stress, or chemicals. Larger organisms may be killed or injured when they become trapped against screens at the front of an intake structure.<ref>[http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/lawsguidance/cwa/316b/ Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Alternative intake types that mitigate these impacts include beach wells, but they require more energy and higher costs.<ref>Cooley, Heather; [[Peter Gleick|Gleick, Peter H.]] and Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref>

The [[Kwinana Desalination Plant]] opened in the Australian city of [[Perth]], in 2007. Water there and at [[Queensland]]'s [[Gold Coast Desalination Plant]] and [[Sydney]]'s [[Kurnell Desalination Plant]] is withdrawn at {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}, which is slow enough to let fish escape. The plant provides nearly {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} of clean water per day.<ref name=npr>Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref>