Editing Culture of France (section)

==Media and art==

===Art and museums===
{{Main|French art}}
[[File:Louvre Museum Wikimedia Commons.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Musée du Louvre]], Paris]]

The first paintings of France are those that are from prehistoric times, painted in the caves of [[Lascaux]] well over 10,000 years ago. The arts were already flourishing 1,200 years ago, at the time of [[Charlemagne]], as can be seen in many hand made and hand illustrated books of that time.

[[Gothic art]] and architecture originated in France in the 12th century around Paris and then spread to all of Europe. In the 13th century, French craftsmen developed the stained glass painting technique and sophisticated illuminated manuscripts for private devotion in the new gothic style. The final phase of gothic architecture, known as Flamboyant, also began in France in the 15th century before spreading to the rest of Europe.

The 17th century was one of intense artistic achievements: French painting emerged with a distinct identity, moving from Baroque to Classicism. Famous classic painters of the 17th century in France are [[Nicolas Poussin]] and [[Claude Lorrain]]. French architecture also proved influential with the Palace of Versailles, built for the powerful king Louis XIV, becoming the model of many European royal palaces. During the 18th century the [[Rococo]] style emerged as a frivolous continuation of the [[Baroque]] style. The most famous painters of the era were [[Antoine Watteau]], [[François Boucher]] and [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]]. At the end of the century, [[Jacques-Louis David]] and [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres|Dominique Ingres]] were the most influential painters of the [[Neoclassicism]].

[[Théodore Géricault|Géricault]] and [[Eugène Delacroix|Delacroix]] were the most important painters of the [[Romanticism]]. Afterwards, the painters were more realistic, describing nature (Barbizon school). The [[Realism (arts)|realistic movement]] was led by [[Gustave Courbet|Courbet]] and [[Honoré Daumier]]. Impressionism was developed in France by artists such as [[Claude Monet]], [[Edgar Degas]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] and [[Camille Pissarro]]. At the turn of the century, France had become more than ever the center of innovative art. The Spaniard [[Pablo Picasso]] came to France, like many other foreign artists, to deploy his talents there for decades to come. [[Toulouse-Lautrec]], [[Gauguin]] and [[Cézanne]] were painting then. [[Cubism]] is an [[avant-garde]] movement born in Paris at the beginning of the 20th century.

The [[Louvre]] in Paris is one of the most famous and the largest art museums in the world, created by the new revolutionary regime in 1793 in the former royal palace. It holds a vast amount of art of French and other artists, e.g. the [[Mona Lisa]], by [[Leonardo da Vinci]], and classical Greek [[Venus de Milo]] and ancient works of culture and art from Egypt and the Middle East.

===Music===
{{Main|Music of France}}
[[File:Piaf_Harcourt_1939.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Édith Piaf]] referred to as "La Môme Piaf" (The Little [[Old World sparrow|Sparrow]])]]
France has a long and varied musical history. It experienced a golden age in the 17th century thanks to Louis XIV, who employed talented musicians and composers in the royal court. The most renowned composers of this period include [[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]], [[François Couperin]], [[Michel-Richard Delalande]], [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]] and [[Marin Marais]], all of them composers at the court. After the death of the "Roi Soleil", French musical creation lost dynamism, but in the next century the music of [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]] reached some prestige, and he is still one of the most renowned French composers. Rameau became the dominant composer of [[French opera]] and the leading French composer of the harpsichord.<ref>Girdlestone, Cuthbert (1969). Jean-Philippe Rameau: His Life and Work (paperback ed.). Dover. p. 14: "It is customary to couple him with Couperin as one couples Haydn with Mozart or Ravel with Debussy."</ref>

In the field of [[classical music]], France has produced a number of notable composers such as [[Gabriel Fauré]], [[Claude Debussy]], [[Maurice Ravel]], and [[Hector Berlioz]]. Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel are the most prominent figures associated with [[Impressionist music]]. The two composers invented new musical forms<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huizenga |first=Tom |date=14 October 2005 |title=Debussy's 'La Mer' Marks 100th Birthday |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4957580 |access-date=22 July 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2008 |title=Debussy's Musical Game of Deception |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92338564 |access-date=22 July 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography of Claude Debussy |url=http://www.classicfm.co.uk/music/composers/c-g/claude-debussy/ |access-date=22 July 2011 |publisher=Classicfm.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography of Maurice Ravel |url=http://www.classicfm.co.uk/music/composers/n-r/maurice-ravel/ |access-date=22 July 2011 |publisher=Classicfm.co.uk}}</ref> and new sounds. Debussy was among the most influential composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and his use of non-traditional scales and [[chromaticism]] influenced many composers who followed.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Allen |last=Schrott |title=Claude Debussy&nbsp;– Biography&nbsp;– AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/claude-debussy-mn0000768781/biography |website=AllMusic}}</ref> His music is noted for its sensory content and frequent usage of [[atonality]]. Ravel's piano compositions, such as ''[[Jeux d'eau (Ravel)|Jeux d'eau]]'', ''[[Miroirs]]'', ''[[Le tombeau de Couperin]]'' and ''[[Gaspard de la nuit]]'', demand considerable virtuosity. His mastery of orchestration is evident in the ''[[Rapsodie espagnole]]'', ''[[Daphnis et Chloé]]'', his arrangement of [[Modest Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]'' and his orchestral work ''[[Boléro]]'' (1928). [[Erik Satie]] was a key member of the early-20th-century Parisian [[avant-garde]]. [[Francis Poulenc]]'s best-known works are his piano suite ''[[Trois mouvements perpétuels]]'' (1919), the ballet ''[[Les biches]]'' (1923), the ''[[Concert champêtre]]'' (1928) for [[harpsichord]] and orchestra, the opera ''[[Dialogues des Carmélites]]'' (1957) and the ''[[Gloria (Poulenc)|Gloria]]'' (1959) for [[soprano]], choir and orchestra. More recently, in the middle of the 20th century, [[Maurice Ohana]], [[Pierre Schaeffer]] and [[Pierre Boulez]] contributed to the evolution of [[contemporary classical music]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Lloyd |date=24 May 2010 |title=Composer-Conductor Pierre Boulez at 85 |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126668117 |access-date=22 July 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref>

French music then followed the rapid emergence of pop and rock music in the middle of the 20th century. Although English-speaking creations achieved popularity in the country, [[French popular music|French pop music]], known as ''[[chanson française]]'', has also remained very popular. Among the most important French artists of the century are [[Édith Piaf]], [[Georges Brassens]], [[Léo Ferré]], [[Charles Aznavour]] and [[Serge Gainsbourg]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2003 |title=100人の偉大なアーティスト&nbsp;- No. 62 |trans-title=The 100 Greatest Artists&nbsp;– No. 62 |url=http://www.hmv.co.jp/news/newsDetail.asp?newsnum=304080038 |website=ローチケHMV [Roachke HMV] |language=ja}}</ref> Modern pop music has seen the rise of popular [[French hip hop]], [[French rock]], [[techno]]/[[funk]], and [[turntablist]]s/DJs. Although there are very few rock bands in France compared to English-speaking countries,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2010 |title=Biography of Noir Désir |url=http://www.rfimusic.com/artist/rock/noir-desir/biography |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430102257/http://www.rfimusic.com/artist/rock/noir-desir/biography |archive-date=30 April 2016 |access-date=11 January 2018 |website=rfi Music |publisher=[[Radio France Internationale|RFI]] Musique |quote=Rock music doesn't come naturally to the French. A Latin country, with more affinity to poetry and melody, France has very rarely produced talented rock musicians. Rock music has other, more Anglo-Saxon ingredients: fury, excess, electricity.}}</ref> bands such as [[Noir Désir]], [[Mano Negra (band)|Mano Negra]], [[Niagara (band)|Niagara]], [[Les Rita Mitsouko]] and more recently [[Superbus (band)|Superbus]], [[Phoenix (French band)|Phoenix]] and [[Gojira (band)|Gojira]],<ref name="frmusic">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2009 |title=French music has the whole planet singing |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/culture-and-media_6819/culture_6874/music_5335/french-music-has-the-whole-planet-singing_13031.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222105333/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/culture-and-media_6819/culture_6874/music_5335/french-music-has-the-whole-planet-singing_13031.html |archive-date=22 December 2010 |website=France Diplomatie}}</ref> or [[Shaka Ponk]], have reached worldwide popularity.

The [[Fête de la Musique]] was created in France (first held in 1982), a music festival, which has since become celebrated worldwide as world music day.<ref>{{cite web|title=LA FÊTE DE LA MUSIQUE : UNE FÊTE NATIONALE DEVENUE UN GRAND ÉVÉNEMENT MUSICAL MONDIAL|url=http://fetedelamusique.culturecommunication.gouv.fr/Presentation-de-la-Fete|website=Le Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication: Fête de la Musique|access-date=26 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426011737/http://fetedelamusique.culturecommunication.gouv.fr/Presentation-de-la-Fete|archive-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> It takes place every 21 June, on the first day of summer.

===Theater===
{{Main|Theater of France}}

===Cinema===
{{Main|Cinema of France|French comedy films}}
[[File:Palmed'or.jpg|thumb|alt=Palme d'Or award in presentation case|A ''[[Palme d'Or]]'' from the [[Cannes Film Festival]], one of the "[[Film festival|Big Three]]" film festivals alongside the [[Venice Film Festival]] and [[Berlin International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dargis |first=Manohla |title=Cannes International Film Festival |work=The New York Times |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/c/cannes_international_film_festival/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lim |first=Dennis |date=15 May 2012 |title=They'll Always Have Cannes |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/16/arts/16iht-lim16.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Woolsey |first=Matt |title=In Pictures: Chic Cannes Hideaways |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/05/14/cannes-properties-luxury-forbeslife-cx_mw_0514realestate_slide.html}}</ref>]]

France has historical and strong links with [[Filmmaking|cinema]], with two Frenchmen, Auguste and Louis Lumière (known as the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière Brothers]]) credited with creating cinema in 1895.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne – les frères Lumière |url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/personnage/les_frères_Lumière/130661 |website=larousse.fr}}</ref> The world's first female filmmaker, [[Alice Guy-Blaché]], was also from France.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dargis, Manohla |author-link=Manohla Dargis |last2=Scott, A.O. |author-link2=A. O. Scott |date=20 September 2018 |title=You Know These 20 Movies. Now Meet the Women Behind Them |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/09/14/movies/women-film-history.html |access-date=4 December 2018 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Several important cinematic movements, including the late 1950s and 1960s [[Nouvelle Vague]], began in the country. It is noted for having a strong film industry, due in part to protections afforded by the [[Government of France]]. Philippe Binant realized, on 2 February 2000, the first [[digital cinema]] projection in Europe, with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by [[Texas Instruments]], in Paris.<ref>''[[Cahiers du cinéma]]'', n°hors-série, Paris, April 2000, p. 32 (''cf''. also [http://academiecine.tv/files/8113/7674/5261/Histoire_communications.pdf ''Histoire des communications'', 2011, p. 10.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702185422/https://academiecine.tv/files/8113/7674/5261/Histoire_communications.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019163924/http://academiecine.tv/files/8113/7674/5261/Histoire_communications.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-19 |url-status=live |date=2 July 2017 }}).</ref>

France remains a leader in filmmaking, {{As of|2015|lc=y}} producing more films than any other European country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UIS |title=UIS Statistics |url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/?ReportId=5538 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref><ref name="NYT 1995-02-28">{{Cite news |first=Alan |last=Riding |date=28 February 1995 |title=The Birthplace Celebrates Film's Big 1–0–0 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/28/movies/the-birthplace-celebrates-film-s-big-1-0-0.html}}</ref> The nation also hosts the [[Cannes Festival]], one of the most important and famous film festivals in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2007 |title=Cannes&nbsp;– a festival virgin's guide |url=http://www.cannesguide.com/basics/ |access-date=22 July 2011 |publisher=Cannesguide.com |archive-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912231419/http://www.cannesguide.com/basics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cannes Film Festival - Palais des Festivals, Cannes, France |url=http://www.whatsonwhen.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=21731 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610125315/http://www.whatsonwhen.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=21731 |archive-date=10 June 2012 |publisher=Whatsonwhen.com}}</ref> Additionally, France is an important [[Francophone]] film production country. A certain amount of the movies created share international distribution in the western hemisphere thanks to [[Unifrance]]. Although French cinema industry is rather small in terms of budget and revenues, it enjoys qualitative screenplay, cast and story telling. French cinema is often portrayed as more liberal in terms of subjects (e.g. sex, society, politics, historical, etc.).{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}

Apart from its strong and innovative film tradition, France has also been a gathering spot for artists from across Europe and the world. For this reason, French cinema is sometimes intertwined with the cinema of foreign nations. Directors from nations such as Poland ([[Roman Polanski]], [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]], [[Andrzej Żuławski]]), Argentina ([[Gaspar Noé]], [[Edgardo Cozarinsky]]), Russia ([[Alexandre Alexeieff]], [[Anatole Litvak]]), Austria ([[Michael Haneke]]) and Georgia ([[Géla Babluani]], [[Otar Iosseliani]]) are prominent in the ranks of French cinema. Conversely, French directors have had prolific and influential careers in other countries, such as [[Luc Besson]], [[Jacques Tourneur]] or [[Francis Veber]] in the [[Cinema of the United States|United States]]. Although the French film market is dominated by Hollywood, France is the only nation in the world where American films make up the smallest share of total film revenues, at 50%, compared with 77% in Germany and 69% in Japan.<ref name="erudit">{{In lang|fr}} Damien Rousselière [http://www.erudit.org/revue/hphi/2005/v15/n2/801295ar.pdf Cinéma et diversité culturelle: le cinéma indépendant face à la mondialisation des industries culturelles]. ''Horizons philosophiques'' Vol. 15 No. 2 2005</ref> French films account for 35% of the total film revenues of France, which is the highest percentage of national film revenues in the developed world outside the United States, compared to 14% in Spain and 8% in the UK.<ref name = erudit/> In 2013 France was the second greatest exporter of films in the world, after the United States.<ref name="unifrance.org">{{Cite web |title=Enquête sur l'image du cinéma français dans le monde |url=http://www.unifrance.org/actualites/11596/enquete-sur-l-image-du-cinema-francais-dans-le-monde |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213021911/http://www.unifrance.org/actualites/11596/enquete-sur-l-image-du-cinema-francais-dans-le-monde |archive-date=13 December 2014 |website=unifrance.org}}</ref>

French major cinema operators are [[UGC (cinema operator)|UGC]] and [[Pathé]], mainly located in city suburbs due to the number of screens and seating capacity. Many "small" cinemas are located in the downtown parts of a city, resisting the big cinema operators nationwide. Paris has the highest density of cinemas in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.campusfrance.org/en/a-etudier/faq.htm |title=20 questions about studying in France |access-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504080519/http://old.campusfrance.org/en/a-etudier/faq.htm |archive-date=4 May 2011 }}</ref> and in most downtown Paris cinemas, foreign movies, which would be secluded to "art houses" cinemas in other places, are shown alongside "mainstream" works.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} The [[Cinémathèque Française]] holds one of the largest archives of films, movie documents and film-related objects in the world. Located in Paris, the Cinémathèque holds daily screenings of films unrestricted by country of origin.

As part of its advocacy of [[cultural exception]], a political concept of treating culture differently from other commercial products,<ref>Joëlle Farchy (1999) [http://www.scienceshumaines.com/la-fin-de-l-exception-culturelle_fr_10912.html La Fin de l'exception culturelle ?] [[CNRS]] {{ISBN|978-2-271-05633-7}}</ref> France succeeded in convincing all EU members to refuse to include culture and audiovisuals in the list of liberalised sectors of the WTO in 1993.<ref>[http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/actualites/politique/diversite/wto-en2.htm The cultural exception is not negotiable by Catherine Trautmann]&nbsp;– Ministry of Culture</ref> Moreover, this decision was confirmed in a vote by [[UNESCO]] in 2005: the principle of "cultural exception" won an overwhelming victory with 198 countries voting for it and only 2 countries, the United States and Israel, voting against it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Convention UNESCO pour la diversité culturelle : vers un droit international culturel contraignant ? |url=http://www.fnsac-cgt.com/administration/upload/ARTICLE%20UNESCO%20CONF%201602_06%20(3).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427020210/http://www.fnsac-cgt.com/administration/upload/ARTICLE%20UNESCO%20CONF%201602_06%20%283%29.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2011 |publisher=Fédération Nationale des Syndicats du spectacle du cinéma, de l'audiovisuel et de l'action culturelle |language=fr}}</ref>

===Television===
{{Main|Television in France}}
[[File:2011 Arte Strasbourg.JPG|thumb|[[Arte]]'s headquarters in Strasbourg]]

Just like many other European countries, France has public and private television channels. The public broadcasting corporation [[France Télévisions]] comprises the channels [[France 2]], [[France 3]], [[France 4]], [[France 5]] and [[France Info (TV channel)|France Info]].

France Télévisions is also a shareholder of [[TV5Monde]], [[Arte]] and the [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] [[Pan-European identity|pan-European]] news channel [[Euronews]]. TV5Monde is a French-language common channel of France, Belgium and the French-speaking areas of Canada and Switzerland and, after the [[BBC]], [[CNN]] and MIV, the fourth largest television network in the world. Arte is a German-French channel controlled by Arte France together with the German public broadcasting corporations [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] and [[ZDF]].

The private broadcasting corporation [[TF1]] is the largest television channel in France. TF1 was public until 1987. The corporation also controls the sports channel [[Eurosport]]. Other major private channels include [[M6 (TV channel)|M6]] and [[Canal+ (French TV channel)|Canal +]].

[[BFM TV]] is an independent private news channel, which is also broadcast on the Internet – just like the French and English language news channel [[France 24]], which has been broadcasting since December 2006 and is controlled by TF1 and France Télévisions.

===Books, newspapers and magazines===
{{Main|French media|French literature}}
[[File:Siège_Figaro,_14_boulevard_Haussmann,_Paris_9e.jpg|thumb|''[[Le Figaro]]'' was founded in 1826 and it is still considered a [[newspaper of record]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Le Figaro |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=5 October 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/206556/Le-Figaro}}</ref>]]

France has the reputation of being a "literary culture",<ref>Theodore Zedlin, quoted in Kidd and Reynolds, 266</ref> and this image is reinforced by such things as the importance of [[French literature]] in the French educational system, the attention paid by the French media to French [[book fair]]s and book prizes (like the [[Prix Goncourt]], [[Prix Renaudot]] or [[Prix Femina]]) and by the popular success of the (former) literary television show "[[Apostrophes (talk show)|Apostrophes]]" (hosted by [[Bernard Pivot]]).

Although the [[list of countries by literacy rate|official literacy rate]] of France is 99%, some estimates have placed [[functional illiteracy]] at between 10% and 20% of the adult population (and higher in the prison population).<ref name="Kidd and Reynolds, 261">Kidd and Reynolds, 261.</ref>

While reading remains a favorite pastime of French youth today, surveys show that it has decreased in importance compared to music, television, sports and other activities.<ref name="Kidd and Reynolds, 261"/> The crisis of [[academic publishing]] has also hit France (see, for example, the financial difficulties of the [[Presses universitaires de France]] (PUF), France's premier academic publishing house, in the 1990s).<ref>Kidd and Reynolds, 266.</ref>

Literary taste in France remains centered on the novel (26.4% of book sales in 1997), although the French read more non-fiction essays and books on current affairs than the British or Americans.<ref>Kidd and Reynolds, 258 and 264.</ref> Contemporary novels, including French translations of foreign novels, lead the list (13% of total books sold), followed by sentimental novels (4.1%), detective and spy fiction (3.7%), "classic" literature (3.5%), science fiction and horror (1.3%) and erotic fiction (0.2%).<ref>Kidd and Reynolds, 265.</ref> About 30% of all fiction sold in France today is translated from English (authors such as [[William Boyd (writer)|William Boyd]], [[John le Carré]], [[Ian McEwan]], [[Paul Auster]] and [[Douglas Kennedy (writer)|Douglas Kennedy]] are well received).<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1686532,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125122548/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1686532,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 November 2007|title=In Search of Lost Time|first=DONALD|last=MORRISON|date=21 November 2007|access-date=21 August 2017|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>

An important subset of book sales is comic books (typically [[Franco-Belgian comics]] like ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'' and ''[[Astérix]]'') which are published in a large hardback format; comic books represented 4% of total book sales in 1997.<ref>Kidd and Reynolds, 264.</ref> French artists have made the country a leader in the [[graphic novel]] genre<ref name="Time"/> and France hosts the [[Angoulême International Comics Festival]], Europe's preeminent comics festival.

Like other areas of French culture, book culture is influenced, in part, by the state, in particular by the "Direction du livre et de la lecture" of the Ministry of Culture, which oversees the "Centre national du livre" (National Book Center). The French Ministry of Industry also plays a role in price control. Finally, the [[Value added tax|VAT]] for books and other cultural products in France is at the reduced rate of 5.5%, which is also that of food and other necessities ([[:fr:Taxe sur la valeur ajoutée|see here]]).

In terms of journalism in France, the regional press (see [[list of newspapers in France]]) has become more important than national dailies (such as ''[[Le Monde]]'' and ''[[Le Figaro]]'') over the past century: in 1939, national dailies were 2/3 of the dailies market, while today they are less than 1/4.<ref>Kidd and Reynolds, 232.</ref> The magazine market is currently dominated by TV listings magazines<ref>Kidd and Reynolds, 236</ref> followed by [[news magazine]]s such as ''[[L'Obs]]'', ''[[L'Express (France)|L'Express]]'' and ''[[Le Point]]''.