Editing Crimea (section)

==Demographics==
{{main|Demographics of Crimea}}
{{Historical populations|1897|546592|1926|713823|1939|1126429|1959|1201517|1970|1813502|1979|2182927|1989|2430495|2001|2401209|2014|2284400|2021|2482450|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}

{{As of|2014}}, the total population of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol was 2,248,400 people (Republic of Crimea: 1,889,485; Sevastopol: 395,000).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People |title=Results of Census: Population of Crimea is 2.284 Million People – Information agency "Krym Media" |access-date=13 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104175105/http://en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People |archive-date=4 November 2015 }}</ref> This was down from the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian Census]] figure of 2,376,000 (Autonomous Republic of Crimea: 2,033,700; Sevastopol: 342,451).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/regions/reg_crym/ |title= Regions of Ukraine / Autonomous Republic of Crimea |access-date=16 December 2006 |work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian Census]] }}</ref>

According to the 2014 Russian census, 84% of Crimean inhabitants named Russian as their native language; 7.9% Crimean Tatar; 3.7% [[Tatar language|Tatar]]; and 3.3% Ukrainian.<ref name="2014 Russian Census">{{Cite web |date=14–25 October 2014 |script-title=ru:Таблицы с итогами Федерального статистического наблюдения "Перепись населения в Крымском федеральном округе" |trans-title=Tables with the results of the Federal Statistical Observation "Population Census in the Crimean Federal District" |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Rosstat]] |format=[[.xlsx]] |url=https://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/perepis_krim/tab-krim.htm |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=gks.ru |language=ru }}</ref> It was the first official census in Crimea since a Ukrainian-held census in 2001.<ref name="dt">{{cite news|title=Census of the population is transferred to 2016 |url=http://dt.ua/UKRAINE/perepis-naselennya-pereneseno-na-2016-rik-128768_.html|access-date=7 March 2014|newspaper=[[Zerkalo Nedeli|Dzerkalo Tzhnia]] |date=20 September 2013|language=uk|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702211328/http://dt.ua/UKRAINE/perepis-naselennya-pereneseno-na-2016-rik-128768_.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, 77% of Crimean inhabitants named [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russian as their native language]]; 11.4% Crimean Tatar; and 10.1% Ukrainian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/ |title= Results / General results of the census / Linguistic composition of the population / Autonomous Republic of Crimea |work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian Census]] }}</ref> In 2013, however, the Crimean Tatar language was estimated to be on the brink of extinction, being taught in Crimea in only about 15 schools at that time. Turkey provided the greatest support to Tatars in Ukraine, which had been unable to resolve the problem of education in their mother tongue in Crimea, by bringing the schools to a modern state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avrupatimes.com/culture/3676-crimean-tatar-language-in-danger.html|title=Crimean Tatar language in danger|publisher=avrupatimes.com|date=19 February 2013|access-date=31 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=crh |title=Crimean Tatar |publisher=[[Ethnologue]] |year=2009 |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022912/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=crh |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ethnic composition of Crimea's population has changed dramatically since the early 20th century. The 1897 [[Russian Empire Census]] for the [[Taurida Governorate]] reported 196,854 (13.06%) Crimean Tatars, 404,463 (27.94%) Russians and 611,121 (42.21%) Ukrainians. But these numbers included Berdyansky, Dneprovsky and Melitopolsky [[uyezds]], which were on the mainland, not in Crimea. 
[[File:Roman Catholic Church in Kerch, Ukraine b.jpg|thumb|Catholic Church of Santa Maria Assunta in [[Kerch]], reference for the [[Italians of Crimea]]]] 

At the beginning of the 19th century, [[Italian diaspora|Italian emigration]] to the Crimea came from various Italian regions ([[Liguria]], [[Campania]], [[Apulia]]), with immigrants settling mainly in the coastal cities of the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], as well as in [[Odesa]], [[Mykolaiv]], [[Sevastopol]], [[Mariupol]], [[Berdiansk]] and [[Taganrog]]. With the [[October Revolution]] of 1917, with which the [[Russian Empire]] became the [[Soviet Union]], a bitter period began for minorities in Russia. [[Italians of Crimea]] therefore faced much repression. Between 1936 and 1938, during [[Joseph Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge]], many Italians were accused of [[espionage]] and were arrested, tortured, deported or executed. The few survivors were allowed to return to Kerch in the 1950s and 1960s during [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s administration. The descendants of the surviving Italians of Crimea currently account for {{Circa|300}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Europa e Mediterraneo d'Italia. L'italiano nelle comunità storiche da Gibilterra a Costantinopoli - 10. Gli italiani di Crimea {{!}} Treccani, il portale del sapere |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/lingua_italiana/articoli/scritto_e_parlato/Europa11.html |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=www.treccani.it |language=it-IT}}</ref> people, mainly residing in Kerch.
The population number excluding these uyezds is given in the table below.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; font-size:80%; width=100%"
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;" valign="top"
! rowspan="1" |Date
!1785 <ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=O'Neill|first=Kelly Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZ47DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |publisher=Yale University Press |title=Claiming Crimea: A History of Catherine the Great's Southern Empire |date=2017|isbn=978-0-300-23150-2|location=New Haven|pages=30|oclc=1007823334}}</ref>
!1795 <ref name=":03" />
!1816 <ref name=":03" />
!1835 <ref name=":03" />
!1850 <ref name=":03" />
!1864 <ref name=":03" /><!-- Russia % includes Ukrainians -->
! colspan="2" |[[Russian Empire Census|1897]]<ref>These numbers exclude the population numbers for Berdyansky, Dneprovsky and Melitopolsky Uyezds, which were on mainland. See the [[Taurida Governorate#Administrative divisions|administrative divisions of the Taurida Governorate]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897 – Taurida Governorate|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd_eng.php?reg=1420|website=demoscope.ru|publisher=Демоскоп|access-date=18 June 2014}}<!--
{| class="wikitable"
!|
! | Taurida Governate
! | Berdyansk County
! | Dneiper County
! | Melitopol County
! | Crimea
|-
||Russians	|| 404,463	|| 55,303	|| 42,180	|| 126,017	|| 180,963
|-
||Ukrainians	|| 611,121	|| 179,177	|| 156,151	|| 211,090	|| 64,703
|-
||Tatars	|| 196,854	|| 770	|| 506	|| 1,284	|| 194,294
|-
||Belarusians	|| 9,726	|| 1,323	|| 3,005	|| 3,340	|| 2,058
|-
||Armenians	|| 8,938	|| 201	|| 47	|| 373	|| 8,317
|-
||Jews		|| 55,418	|| 8,889	|| 6,298	|| 16,063	|| 24,168
|-
||Other		|| 161,270	|| 59,055	|| 4,054	|| 26,072	|| 72,089
|-
||Total Population || 1,447,790	|| 304,718	|| 212,241	|| 384,239	|| 546,592
|-
|}--></ref>
! colspan="2" |[[First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union|1926]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_26.php?reg=788|title=Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей.|website=demoscope.ru}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1939<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39.php?reg=68|title=Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей.|website=demoscope.ru}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[Soviet Census (1959)|1959]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr59_reg1.php|title=Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей.|website=demoscope.ru}}</ref><!--including Sevastopol!-->
! colspan="2" |[[Soviet Census (1970)|1970]]
! colspan="2" |1979<ref>Crimea – Dynamics, challenges and prospects / edited by Maria Drohobycky. Page 73</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[Soviet Census (1989)|1989]]<ref>Crimea – Dynamics, challenges and prospects / edited by Maria Drohobycky. Page 72</ref><ref name="census" />
! colspan="2" |[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001]]<ref name="census">this combines the figures for the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, listing groups of more than 5,000 individuals. {{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/|title=About number and composition population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea by data All-Ukrainian population census|access-date=26 October 2015|work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian Census]]}}; {{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Sevastopol/|title=Sevastopol|work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian Census]]|access-date=26 October 2015}};{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/estimate/|title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian Population Census 2001|access-date=26 October 2015|work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian Census]]}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[Crimean Federal District census (2014)|2014]]<ref name="2014-Russian-census">Итоги Переписи Населения В Крымском Федеральном Округе [Censuses in Crimean Federal District], Таблицы с итогами Федерального статистического наблюдения "Перепись населения в Крымском федеральном округе" [Tables with the results of the Federal Statistical observation "Census in the Crimean Federal District"] [http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/perepis_krim/tab-krim/pub-04-01.xlsx 4.1 Национальный Состав Населения] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331214907/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/perepis_krim/tab-krim/pub-04-01.xlsx |date=31 March 2022 }} [4.1. National composition of population]</ref>

|- style="background:#e0e0e0;" valign="top"
! rowspan="1" |Carried out by
! colspan="8" | [[Russian Empire]]
! colspan="12" |[[Soviet Union]]
! colspan="2" |Ukraine
! colspan="2" |Russia
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
!Ethnic group
! %
! %
! %
! %
! %
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
| align="left" | [[Russians]]
|2.2%
|4.3%
|4.8%
|4.4%
|6.6%
|28.5%
| 180,963||33.11%
| 301,398||42.2%
| 558,481||49.6%
| 858,273||71.4%
| 1,220,484||67.3%
| 1,460,980||66.9%
| 1,629,542||67.0%
| 1,450,400||60.4%
| 1,492,078||67.9%
|-
| align="left" | [[Ukrainians]]
|
|1.3%
|3.6%
|3.1%
|7%
|
| 64,703||11.84%
| 77,405||10.6%
| 154,123||13.7%
| 267,659||22.3%
| 480,733||26.5%
| 547,336||25.1%
| 625,919||25.8%
| 576,600||24.0%
| 344,515 ||15.7%
|-
| align="left" | [[Crimean Tatars]]
|84.1%
|87.6%
|85.9%
|83.5%
|77.8%
|50.3%
| 194,294||35.55%
| 179,094||25.1%
| 218,879||19.4%
| ||
| ||
| 5,422||0.2%
| 38,365||1.6%
| 245,200||10.2%
| 232,340 ||10.6%
|-
| align="left" | [[Belarusians]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2,058||0.38%
| 3,842||0.5%
| 6,726||0.6%
| 21,672||1.8%
| 39,793||2.2%
| 45,000 (e)||2.1%
| 50,045||2.1%
| 35,000||1.5%
| 21,694 ||1.0%
|-
| align="left" | [[Armenians]]
|
|.6%
|1.3%
|1.5%
|1%
|6.5%
|  8,317||1.52%
| 10,713||1.5%
| 12,923||1.1%
| ||
| 3,091||0.2%
| ||
| 2,794||0.1%
| 10,000||0.4%
|11,030 ||0.5%
|-
| align="left" | [[Jews]]
|
|2.3%
|2.3%
|2%
|2.2%
|7%
| 24,168||4.42%
| 45,926||6.4%
| 65,452||5.8%
| 26,374||2.2%
| 25,614||1.4%
| ||
| 17,371||0.7%
| 5,500||0.2%
| 3,374 ||0.1%
|-
| align="left" | Others
|13.7%
|3.9%
|2.1%
|5.5%
|5.4%
|7.7%
| 72,089||13.19%
| ||
| ||
| c.27,500||2.3%
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| 92,533||4.2%
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
| align="left" | Total population stating nationality
|
|
|
|
|
|
| colspan="2" |546,592
| colspan="2" |713,823
| colspan="2" |1,126,429
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |1,813,502
| colspan="2" |2,184,000
| colspan="2" |2,430,495
| colspan="2" |2,401,200
| colspan="2" |2,197,564
|- s
| align="left" | Nationality not stated
|
|
|
|
|
|
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 12,000
| colspan="2" | 87,205
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
| align="left" | Total population
|
|
|
|
|
|
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |1,201,517
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |2,458,600
| colspan="2" |2,413,200
| colspan="2" |2,284,769
|-
|}[[File:Церква Воскресіння Христового6.JPG|thumb|The [[Foros Church]] near Yalta]]

Crimean Tatars, a predominantly [[Muslim]] ethnic minority who in 2001 made up 12.1% of the population,<ref name=2001CensusUKRCR>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/|title=About number and composition population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea by data All-Ukrainian population census|access-date=24 March 2014|work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian Census]]}}</ref> formed in Crimea in the early modern era, after the Crimean Khanate had come into existence. The Crimean Tatars were [[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars|forcibly expelled]] to Central Asia by [[Joseph Stalin]]'s government as a form of collective punishment, on the grounds that some had joined the invading [[Waffen-SS]], forming [[Tatar Legion]]s, during World War II. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Crimean Tatars began to return to the region.<ref>Pohl, J. Otto. ''The Stalinist Penal System: A Statistical History of Soviet Repression and Terror''. Mc Farland & Company, Inc, Publishers. 1997. {{cite web |url=http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/statshist.html |title=23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000604031122/http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/statshist.html |archive-date=4 June 2000 }}</ref> According to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian population census]], 60% of the population of Crimea are ethnic Russians and 24% are ethnic Ukrainians.<ref name=2001CensusUKRCR/>

[[History of the Jews in Russia|Jews]] in Crimea were historically [[Krymchaks]] and [[Crimean Karaites|Karaites]] (the latter a small group centered at [[Yevpatoria]]). The 1879 census for the Taurida Governorate reported a Jewish population of 4.20%, not including a Karaite population of 0.43%.
The Krymchaks (but not the Karaites) were [[The Holocaust in Russia|targeted for annihilation]] during [[Taurida Subdistrict|Nazi occupation]]. The Nazis [[The Holocaust in Ukraine|murdered]] around 40,000 Crimean Jews.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arad |first1=Yitzhak |title=The Holocaust in the Soviet Union |date=January 2009 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0803222700 |page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAb5tY4Ai8C&pg=PA211}}</ref>

The number of [[Crimea Germans]] was 60,000 in 1939. During WWII, they were forcibly deported on the orders of Stalin, as they were regarded as a potential "fifth column".<ref>"[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010115522/http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/docs/Deportation%20and%20Destruction%20Soviet%20Germans.pdf The Deportation and Destruction of the German Minority in the USSR]" (PDF)</ref><ref>"[http://jpohl.blogspot.co.uk/2006/08/on-germans-living-on-territory-of.html On Germans Living on the Territory of the Ukrainian SSR]"</ref><ref>"[http://www.goldade.net/Arrests/NKVD.pdf NKVD Arrest List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216105025/http://www.goldade.net/Arrests/NKVD.pdf |date=16 December 2011 }}" (PDF)</ref> This was part of the 800,000 [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Germans in Russia]] who were relocated within the Soviet Union during Stalinist times.<ref>"[http://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/history_culture/history/people.html ''A People on the Move: Germans in Russia and in the Former Soviet Union: 1763 – 1997''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801122713/https://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/history_culture/history/people.html |date=1 August 2020 }}. North Dakota State University Libraries.</ref> The 2001 Ukrainian census reports just 2,500 ethnic Germans (0.1% of population) in Crimea.

Besides the Crimean Germans, Stalin in 1944 also deported 70,000 [[Greeks]], 14,000 [[Crimean Bulgarians]]<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160119131817/http://jrs.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/4/372.full.pdf The Persecution of Pontic Greeks in the Soviet Union]" (PDF)</ref> and 3,000 [[Italians of Crimea]].

;Life expectancy at birth
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Republic of Crimea.png|Life expectancy in {{nobr|the Republic of Crimea}}
File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Sevastopol.png|Life expectancy in Sevastopol
File:Life expectancy in Russia -Crimea.png|Life expectancy in Crimea and neighboring regions 
</gallery>

;Religion
{{Pie chart
|thumb=right
|caption=Religion in Crimea (2013)<ref name="2013survey">{{cite web|url=http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2013%20October%207%20Survey%20of%20Crimean%20Public%20Opinion,%20May%2016-30,%202013.pdf |title=Public Opinion Survey Residents of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea}}, The sample consisted of 1,200 permanent Crimea residents older than the age of 18 and eligible to vote and is representative of the general population by age, gender, education and religion.</ref>
|label1=[[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]]
|value1 = 58
|color1 = DarkOrchid
|label2 = [[Islam|Muslim]]
|value2 = 15
|color2 = Green
|label3 = Belief without religion
|value3 = 10
|color3 = Honeydew
|label4 = [[Atheism|Atheist]]
|value4 = 2
|color4 = Black
|label5 = Other religion
|value5 = 2
|color5 = Yellow
|label6 = Not stated
|value6 = 13
|color6 = RosyBrown
}}
In 2013, Orthodox Christians made up 58% of the Crimean population, followed by Muslims (15%) and believers in God without religion (10%).<ref name="2013survey"/>

Following the [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]], 38 out of the 46 [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate]] parishes in Crimea ceased to exist; in three cases, churches were seized by the Russian authorities.<ref>[https://www.unian.info/society/10295148-russia-seeks-to-crush-ukrainian-orthodox-church-in-crimea-for-helping-resist-russification-khpg.html Russia seeks to crush Ukrainian Orthodox Church in Crimea for helping resist Russification], [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (11 October 2018)</ref> Notwithstanding the annexation, the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]] kept control of its [[eparchies]] in Crimea.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://newsru.com/religy/10mar2015/krim_upcmp.html Статус епархий в Крыму остался неизменным, заявили в УПЦ Московского патриархата] [[NEWSru]], 10 March 2015.<br />{{in lang|ru}} [https://www.rbc.ru/society/18/08/2014/570420d59a794760d3d40c5f The Ukrainian Church of the Moscow Patriarchate demanded the return of the Crimea], [[RBK Group]] (18 August 2014)</ref>