Editing Cardiac arrest (section)

==Prognosis==
The overall rate of survival among those who have OHCA is 10%.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, de Ferranti SD, Floyd J, Fornage M, Gillespie C, Isasi CR, Jiménez MC, Jordan LC, Judd SE, Lackland D, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth L, Liu S, Longenecker CT, Mackey RH, Matsushita K, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Thiagarajan RR, Reeves MJ, Ritchey M, Rodriguez CJ, Roth GA, Rosamond WD, Sasson C, Towfighi A, Tsao CW, Turner MB, Virani SS, Voeks JH, Willey JZ, Wilkins JT, Wu JH, Alger HM, Wong SS, Muntner P | display-authors = 6 | title = Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association | journal = Circulation | volume = 135 | issue = 10 | pages = e146–e603 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28122885 | pmc = 5408160 | doi = 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000485 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kusumoto FM, Bailey KR, Chaouki AS, Deshmukh AJ, Gautam S, Kim RJ, Kramer DB, Lambrakos LK, Nasser NH, Sorajja D | display-authors = 6 | title = Systematic Review for the 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society | journal = Circulation | volume = 138 | issue = 13 | pages = e392–e414 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 29084732 | doi = 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000550 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Among those who have an OHCA, 70% occur at home, and their survival rate is 6%.<ref>{{cite book|title=Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival: A Time to Act | author = Institute of Medicine |date=2015-06-30|isbn=9780309371995 |doi=10.17226/21723|pmid = 26225413}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jollis JG, Granger CB | title = Improving Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Next Steps | journal = Circulation | volume = 134 | issue = 25 | pages = 2040–2042 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27994023 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025818 | doi-access = free }}</ref> For those who have an in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), the survival rate one year from at least the occurrence of cardiac arrest is estimated to be 13%.<ref name="Schluep-2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schluep M, Gravesteijn BY, Stolker RJ, Endeman H, Hoeks SE | title = One-year survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Resuscitation | volume = 132 | pages = 90–100 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30213495 | doi = 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.09.001 | s2cid = 52270938 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1765/110349 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> For IHCA, survival to discharge is around 22%.<ref name="Kronick-2015-2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kronick SL, Kurz MC, Lin S, Edelson DP, Berg RA, Billi JE, Cabanas JG, Cone DC, Diercks DB, Foster JJ, Meeks RA, Travers AH, Welsford M |date=November 2015 |title=Part 4: Systems of Care and Continuous Quality Improvement: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care |journal=Circulation |volume=132 |issue=18 Suppl 2 |pages=S397–S413 |doi=10.1161/cir.0000000000000258 |pmid=26472992 |s2cid=10073267 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Wang-2017" /> Those who survive to return of spontaneous circulation and hospital admission frequently present with [[post-cardiac arrest syndrome]], which usually presents with [[neurological injury]] that can range from [[Amnesia|mild memory problems]] to [[coma]].<ref name="Wang-2017" /> One-year survival is estimated to be higher in people with cardiac admission diagnoses (39%) when compared to those with non-cardiac admission diagnoses (11%).<ref name="Schluep-2018" />

A 1997 review found rates of survival to discharge of 14%, although different studies varied from 0 to 28%.<ref name="Ballew-1997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ballew KA |date=May 1997 |title=Cardiopulmonary resuscitation |journal=BMJ |volume=314 |issue=7092 |pages=1462–1465 |doi=10.1136/bmj.314.7092.1462 |pmc=2126720 |pmid=9167565}}</ref> In those over the age of 70 who have a cardiac arrest while in hospital, survival to hospital discharge is less than 20%.<ref name="van Gijn-2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=van Gijn MS, Frijns D, van de Glind EM, C van Munster B, Hamaker ME |date=July 2014 |title=The chance of survival and the functional outcome after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in older people: a systematic review |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=456–463 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afu035 |pmid=24760957 |doi-access=free}}</ref> How well these individuals manage after leaving the hospital is not clear.<ref name="van Gijn-2014" />

The global rate of people who were able to recover from OHCA after receiving CPR has been found to be approximately 30%, and the rate of survival to discharge from the hospital has been estimated at 9%.<ref name="Yan-2020">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Yan S, Gan Y, Jiang N, Wang R, Chen Y, Luo Z, Zong Q, Chen S, Lv C |date=February 2020 |title=The global survival rate among adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Critical Care |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=61 |doi=10.1186/s13054-020-2773-2 |pmc=7036236 |pmid=32087741 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Survival to discharge from the hospital is more likely among people whose cardiac arrest was witnessed by a bystander or emergency medical services, who received bystander CPR, and who live in Europe and North America.<ref name="Yan-2020" /> Relatively lower survival to hospital discharge rates have been observed in Asian countries.<ref name="Yan-2020" />

Prognosis is typically assessed 72 hours or more after cardiac arrest.<ref name="Neumar-2015-2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Neumar RW, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Gent LM, Atkins DL, Bhanji F, Brooks SC, de Caen AR, Donnino MW, Ferrer JM, Kleinman ME, Kronick SL, Lavonas EJ, Link MS, Mancini ME, Morrison LJ, O'Connor RE, Samson RA, Schexnayder SM, Singletary EM, Sinz EH, Travers AH, Wyckoff MH, Hazinski MF | display-authors = 6 | title = Part 1: Executive Summary: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care | journal = Circulation | volume = 132 | issue = 18 Suppl 2 | pages = S315–S367 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26472989 | doi = 10.1161/cir.0000000000000252 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Rates of survival are better in those who had someone witness their collapse, received bystander CPR, and/or had either [[Ventricular fibrillation|V-fib]] or [[Ventricular tachycardia|V-tach]] when assessed.<ref name="Sasson-2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sasson C, Rogers MA, Dahl J, Kellermann AL | title = Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–81 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 20123673 | doi = 10.1161/circoutcomes.109.889576 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Survival among those with V-fib or V-tach is 15 to 23%.<ref name="Sasson-2010" /> Women are more likely to survive cardiac arrest and leave the hospital than men.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bougouin W, Mustafic H, Marijon E, Murad MH, Dumas F, Barbouttis A, Jabre P, Beganton F, Empana JP, Celermajer DS, Cariou A, Jouven X | display-authors = 6 | title = Gender and survival after sudden cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Resuscitation | volume = 94 | pages = 55–60 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26143159 | doi = 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.06.018 }}</ref> [[Cerebral hypoxia|Hypoxic ischemic brain injury]] is a concerning outcome for people suffering a cardiac arrest.<ref name="Gräsner-2021">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Gräsner JT, Herlitz J, Tjelmeland IB, Wnent J, Masterson S, Lilja G, Bein B, Böttiger BW, Rosell-Ortiz F, Nolan JP, Bossaert L, Perkins GD |date=April 2021 |title=European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Epidemiology of cardiac arrest in Europe |journal=Resuscitation |volume=161 |pages=61–79 |doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.007 |pmid=33773833 |s2cid=232408830 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Most improvements in cognition occur during the first three months following cardiac arrest, with some individuals reporting improvement up to one year post-cardiac arrest.<ref name="Gräsner-2021" /> 50 – 70% of cardiac arrest survivors report fatigue as a symptom.<ref name="Gräsner-2021" />