Editing Archimedes (section)

==Legacy==
[[File:Gerhard Thieme Archimedes.jpg|thumb| Bronze statue of Archimedes in [[Berlin]]]]
{{further|List of things named after Archimedes}}
Sometimes called the father of mathematics<ref>Father of mathematics: Jane Muir, Of Men and Numbers: The Story of the Great Mathematicians, p 19.</ref> and [[mathematical physics]],<ref>[[James H. Williams Jr.]], Fundamentals of Applied Dynamics, p 30., Carl B. Boyer, Uta C. Merzbach, A History of Mathematics, p 111., Stuart Hollingdale, Makers of Mathematics, p 67., Igor Ushakov, In the Beginning, Was the Number (2), p 114.</ref> historians of science and mathematics almost universally agree that Archimedes was the finest mathematician from antiquity.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 1999 |title=Archimedes of Syracuse |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Archimedes.html |access-date=9 June 2008 |publisher=The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive}}; {{cite book |last=Hirshfeld |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbcfLoZKDl8C&pg=PA206 |title=Eureka Man: The Life and Legacy of Archimedes |date=2009 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-8027-1979-9 |pages=206 |language=en |quote="the Archimedes Palimpsest has ridden the roiling waves of circumstance to become the most celebrated link to antiquity's greatest mathematician-inventor"}}</ref> 

===Classical antiquity===
The reputation that Archimedes had for mechanical inventions in classical antiquity is well-documented;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Drachmann |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Drachmann |date=1968 |title=Archimedes and the Science of Physics |journal=Centaurus |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0498.1968.tb00074.x |bibcode=1968Cent...12....1D}}</ref> [[Athenaeus]]<ref>''[[Deipnosophistae]]'', V, 206d)</ref> recounts in his ''[[Deipnosophistae]]'' how Archimedes supervised the construction of the largest known ship in antiquity, the [[Syracusia]], while [[Apuleius]]<ref>''Apologia'', 16</ref> talks about his work in [[catoptrics]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russo |first=L. |date=2013 |title=Archimedes between legend and fact. |journal=Lettera Matematica |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=91–95 |doi=10.1007/s40329-013-0016-y |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Plutarch]]<ref>Plutarch, Parallel lives</ref> had claimed that Archimedes disdained mechanics and focused primarily on pure [[geometry]], but this is generally considered to be a mischaracterization by modern scholarship, fabricated to bolster Plutarch's own [[Platonism|Platonist]] values rather than to an accurate presentation of Archimedes,<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Attitudes toward the natural philosopher in the early Roman empire (100 B.C. to 313 A.D.) |url=https://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/8602980 |date=2008 |first=Richard |last=Carrier |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> and, unlike his inventions, Archimedes' mathematical writings were little known in antiquity outside of the works of [[Alexandria|Alexandrian]] mathematicians.{{cn|date=April 2025}} The first comprehensive compilation was not made until {{circa|530{{nbsp}}AD}} by [[Isidore of Miletus]] in [[Byzantine]] [[Constantinople]],{{cn|date=April 2025}} while [[Eutocius of Ascalon|Eutocius]]' commentaries on Archimedes' works earlier in the same century opened them to wider readership for the first time.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

===Middle ages===
{{Expand section|date=April 2025}}<!--- This can probably be expanded from the ten volume work by Marshall Clagett on Archimedes in the middle ages --->
Archimedes' work was translated into Arabic by [[Thābit ibn Qurra]] (836–901 AD), and into Latin via Arabic by [[Gerard of Cremona]] (c. 1114–1187). Direct Greek to Latin translations were later done by [[William of Moerbeke]] (c. 1215–1286) and [[Iacopo da San Cassiano|Iacobus Cremonensis]] (c. 1400–1453).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clagett |first=Marshall |date=1982 |title=William of Moerbeke: Translator of Archimedes |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=126 |issue=5 |pages=356–36 6 |jstor=986212}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clagett |first=Marshall |date=1959 |title=The Impact of Archimedes on Medieval Science |journal=Isis |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=419–429 |doi=10.1086/348797}}</ref> 

===Renaissance and early modern Europe===
[[File:Archimedes bronze coin.jpg|thumb|1612 drawing of a now-lost bronze coin depicting Archimedes]]
During the [[History of science in the Renaissance|Renaissance]], the ''[[Editio princeps]]'' (First Edition) was published in [[Basel]] in 1544 by [[Johann Herwagen]] with the works of Archimedes in Greek and Latin,<ref>{{cite web |title=Editions of Archimedes's Work |publisher=Brown University Library |year=1999 |url=https://library.brown.edu/exhibits/archive/math/wholefr.html}}</ref> which were an influential source of ideas for scientists during the [[History of science in the Renaissance|Renaissance]] and again [[Scientific Revolution|in the 17th century]].<ref>
{{cite journal |last=Høyrup |first=Jens |year=2017 |title=Archimedes: Knowledge and Lore from Latin Antiquity to the Outgoing European Renaissance |journal=Gaņita Bhāratī |volume=39 |number=1 |pages=1–22 |url=http://webhotel4.ruc.dk/~jensh/Publications/2017%7Bg%7D_Archimedes%20--%20%20Knowledge%20and%20Lore_S.pdf}} Reprinted in {{Cite book |last=Hoyrup |first=J. |year=2019 |title=Selected Essays on Pre- and Early Modern Mathematical Practice |pages=459–477 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-19258-7_17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leahy |first=A. |date=2018 |title=The method of Archimedes in the seventeenth century. |journal=The American Monthly |volume=125 |issue=3 |pages=267–272 |doi=10.1080/00029890.2018.1413857}}</ref> 

[[Leonardo da Vinci]] repeatedly expressed admiration for Archimedes, and attributed his invention [[Architonnerre]] to Archimedes.<ref name="Nelson Examiner">{{cite news |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NENZC18420521.2.11 |title=The Steam-Engine |volume=I |issue=11 |date=21 May 1842 |work=Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle |publisher=National Library of New Zealand |page=43 |access-date=14 February 2011 |location=Nelson}}</ref><ref name="PennyM">{{cite book |title=The Steam Engine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1oFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA104 |year=1838 |publisher=The Penny Magazine |page=104}}</ref><ref name="Thurston1996">{{cite book |author=Robert Henry Thurston |title=A History of the Growth of the Steam-Engine |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCMUmXV1C1gC |publisher=Elibron |isbn=1-4021-6205-7 |page=12}}</ref> [[Galileo Galilei]] called him "superhuman" and "my master",<ref>Matthews, Michael. ''Time for Science Education: How Teaching the History and Philosophy of Pendulum Motion Can Contribute to Science Literacy''. p. 96.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archimedes – Galileo Galilei and Archimedes |url=https://exhibits.museogalileo.it/archimedes/section/GalileoGalileiArchimedes.html |access-date=16 June 2021 |website=exhibits.museogalileo.it}}</ref> while [[Christiaan Huygens]] said, "I think Archimedes is comparable to no one", consciously emulating him in his early work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yoder |first=J. |date=1996 |title=Following in the footsteps of geometry: the mathematical world of Christiaan Huygens |url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_zev001199601_01/_zev001199601_01_0009.php |website=De Zeventiende Eeuw. Jaargang 12}}</ref> [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] said, "He who understands Archimedes and [[Apollonius of Perga|Apollonius]] will admire less the achievements of the foremost men of later times".<ref>[[Carl Benjamin Boyer|Boyer, Carl B.]], and [[Uta Merzbach|Uta C. Merzbach]]. 1968. ''A History of Mathematics''. ch. 7.</ref> 

Italian numismatist and archaeologist Filippo Paruta (1552–1629) and [[Leonardo Agostini]] (1593–1676) reported on a bronze coin in Sicily with the portrait of Archimedes on the obverse and a cylinder and sphere with the monogram ARMD in Latin on the reverse.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Paruta |first1=Filippo |url=https://dn720400.ca.archive.org/0/items/lasiciliadifilip00paru/lasiciliadifilip00paru.pdf |title=La Sicilia descritta con medaglie |last2=Agostini |first2=Leonardo |publisher=Marco Maier |year=1697 |publication-date=1697 |pages=73, 326 |language=it |trans-title=Sicily described by medals |access-date=2025-01-20}}</ref> Although the coin is now lost and its date is not precisely known, [[Ivo Schneider]] described the reverse as "a sphere resting on a base – probably a rough image of one of the planetaria created by Archimedes," and suggested it might have been minted in Rome for Marcellus who "according to ancient reports, brought two spheres of Archimedes with him to Rome".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schneider |first=Ivo |title=Archimedes. Ingenieur, Naturwissenschaftler und Mathematiker |publisher=Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft |year=1979 |isbn=3-534-06844-0 |location=Darmstadt |pages=19, 23 |language=de |trans-title=Archimedes. Engineer, natural scientist and mathematician}}</ref> 

=== In modern mathematics ===
[[File:FieldsMedalFront.jpg|thumb|The [[Fields Medal]] carries a portrait of Archimedes|190x190px]]
Gauss's heroes were Archimedes and Newton,<ref>Jay Goldman, The Queen of Mathematics: A Historically Motivated Guide to Number Theory, p 88.</ref> and [[Moritz Cantor]], who studied under Gauss in the [[University of Göttingen]], reported that he once remarked in conversation that "there had been only three epoch-making mathematicians: Archimedes, Newton, and [[Gotthold Eisenstein|Eisenstein]]".<ref>E.T. Bell, Men of Mathematics, p 237</ref> Likewise, [[Alfred North Whitehead]] said that "in the year 1500 Europe knew less than Archimedes who died in the year 212 BC."<ref>{{cite web |author=Alfred North Whitehead |title=The Influence of Western Medieval Culture Upon the Development of Modern Science |url=https://inters.org/Whitehead-Western-Development-Science |access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> The historian of mathematics [[Reviel Netz]],<ref>Reviel Netz, William Noel, The Archimedes Codex: Revealing The Secrets of the World's Greatest Palimpsest</ref> echoing Whitehead's proclamation on [[Plato]] and [[philosophy]], said that "Western science is but a series of footnotes to Archimedes," calling him "the most important scientist who ever lived." and [[Eric Temple Bell]],<ref>E.T. Bell, Men of Mathematics, p 20.</ref> wrote that "Any list of the three "greatest" mathematicians of all history would include the name of Archimedes. The other two usually associated with him are [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] and [[Carl Friedrich Gauss|Gauss]]. Some, considering the relative wealth—or poverty—of mathematics and physical science in the respective ages in which these giants lived, and estimating their achievements against the background of their times, would put Archimedes first." 

The discovery in 1906 of previously lost works by Archimedes in the [[Archimedes Palimpsest]] has provided new insights into how he obtained mathematical results.<ref>{{cite web |title=Works, Archimedes |date=23 June 2015 |publisher=University of Oklahoma |url=https://galileo.ou.edu/exhibits/works-archimedes |access-date=18 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Genius of Archimedes – 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy |date=8–10 June 2010 |series=History of Mechanism and Machine Science |volume=11 |publisher=Springer |editor1=Paipetis, Stephanos A. |editor2=Ceccarelli, Marco |isbn=978-90-481-9091-1 |doi=10.1007/978-90-481-9091-1}}</ref>

The [[Fields Medal]] for outstanding achievement in mathematics carries a portrait of Archimedes, along with a carving illustrating his proof on the sphere and the cylinder. The inscription around the head of Archimedes is a quote attributed to 1st century AD poet [[Marcus Manilius|Manilius]], which reads in Latin: ''Transire suum pectus mundoque potiri'' ("Rise above oneself and grasp the world").<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riehm |first=C. |date=2002 |title=The early history of the Fields Medal |url=https://www.ams.org/notices/200207/comm-riehm.pdf |journal=Notices of the AMS |volume=49 |issue=7 |pages=778–782 |quote="The Latin inscription from the Roman poet Manilius surrounding the image may be translated 'To pass beyond your understanding and make yourself master of the universe.' The phrase comes from Manilius's Astronomica 4.392 from the first century A.D. (p. 782)."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2015 |title=The Fields Medal |url=http://www.fields.utoronto.ca/about/fields-medal |access-date=23 April 2021 |website=Fields Institute for Research in Mathematical Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fields Medal |url=https://www.mathunion.org/imu-awards/fields-medal |access-date=23 April 2021 |publisher=[[International Mathematical Union]]}}</ref>

===Cultural influence===
The world's first seagoing [[steamboat|steamship]] with a [[propeller|screw propeller]] was the [[SS Archimedes|SS ''Archimedes'']], which was launched in 1839 and named in honor of Archimedes and his work on the screw.<ref>{{cite web |title=SS Archimedes |publisher=wrecksite.eu |url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?636 |access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref>

Archimedes has also appeared on postage stamps issued by [[East Germany]] (1973), [[Greece]] (1983), [[Italy]] (1983), [[Nicaragua]] (1971), [[San Marino]] (1982), and [[Spain]] (1963).<ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Rorres |url=http://math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Stamps/stamps.html |title=Stamps of Archimedes |publisher=Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences |access-date=25 August 2007}}</ref>

The exclamation of [[Eureka (word)|Eureka!]] attributed to Archimedes is the state motto of [[California]]. In this instance, the word refers to the discovery of gold near [[Sutter's Mill]] in 1848 which sparked the [[California gold rush]].<ref>{{cite web |title=California Symbols |publisher=California State Capitol Museum |url=http://www.capitolmuseum.ca.gov/VirtualTour.aspx?content1=1278&Content2=1374&Content3=1294 |access-date=14 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012123245/http://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/VirtualTour.aspx?content1=1278&Content2=1374&Content3=1294 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

There is a [[impact crater|crater]] on the [[Moon]] named [[Archimedes (crater)|Archimedes]] ({{Coord|29.7|-4.0|display=}}) in his honor, as well as a lunar [[mountain range]], the [[Montes Archimedes]] ({{Coord|25.3|-4.6|display=}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Oblique view of Archimedes crater on the Moon |author1=Friedlander, Jay |author2=Williams, Dave |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/a15_m_1541.html |access-date=13 September 2007}}</ref>