Editing Antisemitism (section)

==Contemporary antisemitism==
===Holocaust denial===
{{main|Holocaust denial}}
Holocaust denial, the claim that the Nazi genocide of European Jews during the [[Second World War]] either never happened or is substantially exaggerated by historical accounts, is a form of antisemitism and conspiracy theory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schweitzer |first1=Frederick M. |last2=Perry |first2=Marvin |title=Anti-Semitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |date=2002 |isbn=0-312-16561-7 |page=3 |quote=This books treats several of the myths that have made antisemitism so lethal.... In addition to these historic myths, we also treat the new, maliciously manufactured myth of Holocaust denial, another groundless belief that is used to stir up Jew-hatred.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp |title=Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604020743/http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp |archive-date=4 June 2011 |series=Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |date=2001 |access-date=12 June 2007 |quote=While appearing on the surface as a rather arcane pseudo-scholarly challenge to the well-established record of Nazi genocide during the Second World War, Holocaust denial serves as a powerful conspiracy theory uniting otherwise disparate fringe groups....}}</ref> Political movements seeking to revive the ideologies of the Nazis and other states that participated in the Holocaust, like [[neo-Nazism]] and [[neofascism]], practice Holocaust denial.<ref name=Atkins>{{cite book |first=Stephen E. |last=Atkins |title=Holocaust Denial as an International Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9Uj6u6b-ZIC |year=2009 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-0-313-34538-8 |quote=Holocaust denial has played an important role in the revitalization of the Neo-Nazi movement. There was a smaller but nonetheless vocal number of supporters in other Western European countries and the United States. These neo-Nazis realized that a Hitlerite regime was impossible, but a reasonable facsimile was possible in the future. These neo-Nazis and their allies realized that any rehabilitation of Nazism could be accomplished only by discrediting the Holocaust.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bland |first=Benjamin |date=2019 |title=Holocaust inversion, anti-Zionism and British neo-fascism: the Israel–Palestine conflict and the extreme right in post-war Britain |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0031322X.2018.1536347 |journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] |language=en |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=86–97 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.2018.1536347 |issn=0031-322X |access-date=11 May 2024 |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511134816/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0031322X.2018.1536347 |url-status=live}}</ref>

There is significant debate about whether [[Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany|analogies between Israel's treatment of Palestinians and the Nazis' treatment of Jews]] are antisemitic.{{sfnp|Rosenfeld|2019|pp=175–178, 186}} Those who say they are antisemitic have termed such analogies "Holocaust inversion"—a form of [[Holocaust trivialisation]], in which the Holocaust is compared with other events in a way that downplays its severity.<ref name="marcus">{{cite book 
|last=Marcus |first=Kenneth L. |title=Jewish Identity and Civil Rights in America |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2010 |page=56 |isbn=978-1-139-49119-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U3z7Fh7xOmcC&dq=brought+welcome+relief+to+many+who+had+long+borne+a+burden+of+guilt+for+the+role+which+they%2C+their+families%2C+their+nations%2C+or+their+churches+had+played+in+Hitler%27s+crimes+against+the+Jews%2C+whether+by+participation+or+complicity%2C+acquiescence+or+indifference&pg=PA56}}</ref> [[Deborah Lipstadt]] describes Holocaust inversion as a type of Holocaust denial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Amy |date=19 April 2009 |title=Denying the deniers: Q & A with Deborah Lipstadt |url=https://www.jta.org/2009/04/19/lifestyle/denying-the-deniers-q-a-with-deborah-lipstadt |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203191549/https://www.jta.org/2009/04/19/lifestyle/denying-the-deniers-q-a-with-deborah-lipstadt |archive-date=3 December 2024}}</ref>

===Soviet antisemitism===
{{See also|Soviet anti-Zionism|Soviet anti-Semitism}}

There have continued to be antisemitic incidents since WWII, some of which had been state-sponsored. In the [[Soviet Union]], antisemitism was even used as an instrument for settling personal conflicts, starting with the conflict between [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Leon Trotsky]] and continuing through numerous conspiracy theories spread by official propaganda. [[Antisemitism in the Soviet Union|Antisemitism in the USSR]] reached new heights after 1948 during the campaign against the "[[rootless cosmopolitan]]" (euphemism for "Jew") in which numerous Yiddish-language poets, writers, painters, and sculptors were killed or arrested.<ref name="jcws">{{cite journal |first1=Konstantin |last1=Azadovskii |first2=Boris |last2=Egorov |title=From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |year=2002 |volume=4 |number=1 |pages=66–80 |doi=10.1162/152039702753344834 |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/egorov.htm#REF31 |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220161918/https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/egorov.htm#REF31 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Myth">{{cite book |title=The Myth of the Jewish Race |first1=Raphael |last1=Patai |first2=Jennifer |last2=Patai |year=1989 |page=178 |publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8143-1948-2}}</ref> This culminated in the antisemitic conspiracy theory of the '[[Doctors' Plot]]' in 1952.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

In the 20th century, [[Antisemitism in the Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Antisemitism in Russia|Russian]] antisemitism underwent significant transformations, shaped by political, social, and ideological shifts. During the early Soviet period, the [[Bolsheviks]] initially condemned antisemitism, seeing it as incompatible with [[Marxism|Marxist]] ideology. However, under [[Joseph Stalin]]'s regime, antisemitism reemerged, often cloaked in 'anti-Zionist' rhetoric. As early as 1943, Stalin and his propagandists intensified attacks against Jews as "[[rootless cosmopolitan]]s".<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2024 |title=More than a Century of Antisemitism: How Successive Occupants of the Kremlin Have Used Antisemitism |url=https://www.state.gov/more-than-a-century-of-antisemitism-how-successive-occupants-of-the-kremlin-have-used-antisemitism/ |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=[[United States Department of State]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228034546/https://www.state.gov/more-than-a-century-of-antisemitism-how-successive-occupants-of-the-kremlin-have-used-antisemitism/ |archive-date=28 December 2024}}</ref> The Party issued confidential directives to fire Jews from positions of power, but state-controlled media did not openly attack Jews until the late 1940s.<ref name=":7" /> The [[Doctors' plot]] of 1952, a fabricated conspiracy accusing predominantly Jewish doctors of attempting to assassinate Soviet leaders, exemplified this resurgence. This campaign fostered widespread antisemitic sentiments and resulted in the arrest and execution of numerous Jewish professionals.

In that same year, the antisemitic [[Slánský trial|Slánský show trial]] alleged the existence of an 'international Zionist conspiracy' to destroy Socialism. Izabella Tabarovsky, a scholar of the history of antisemitism, argues that, "Manufactured by the Soviet secret services, the trial tied together Zionism, Israel, Jewish leaders, and American imperialism, turning 'Zionism' and 'Zionist' into dangerous labels that could be used against one's political enemies."<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=1 May 2019 |title=Soviet Anti-Zionism and Contemporary Left Antisemitism |url=https://fathomjournal.org/soviet-anti-zionism-and-contemporary-left-antisemitism/ |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=[[Fathom Journal]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224092904/https://fathomjournal.org/soviet-anti-zionism-and-contemporary-left-antisemitism/ |archive-date=24 December 2024}}</ref> In the post-Stalin era, state-sanctioned antisemitism persisted and intensified. In February 1953, the Soviet Union severed diplomatic relations with the [[Israel|State of Israel]] and "soon the state media was saturated with anti-Zionist propaganda, depicting bloated, hook-nosed Jewish bankers and all-consuming serpents embossed with the Star of David."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryvchin |first=Alex |date=10 September 2019 |title=Red Terror: How the Soviet Union Shaped the Modern Anti-Zionist Discourse |url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/red-terror-how-the-soviet-union-shaped-the-modern-anti-zionist-discourse/ |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=[[Australian Institute of International Affairs]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226061534/https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/red-terror-how-the-soviet-union-shaped-the-modern-anti-zionist-discourse/ |archive-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> The 1963 publication of the antisemitic book ''[[Judaism Without Embellishment]],'' written under orders from the central Soviet government, echoed [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|Nazi propaganda]], alleging a global Jewish conspiracy to subvert the Soviet Union.<ref name=":02" /> It was the beginning of a new wave of government-sponsored anti-Semitism.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

The [[Six-Day War]] in 1967 led to an intensification in Soviet anti-Zionist propaganda as the Soviets had backed the defeated Arab states.<ref name=":02" /> This propaganda often blurred the lines with antisemitism, leading to discriminatory policies against Jews and restricting their emigration. By the end of the war, "the "corporate Jew", whether "cosmopolitan" or "Zionist", became identified as the enemy. Popular anti-Semitic stereotyping had been absorbed into official channels, generated by chauvinist needs and totalitarian requirements."<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Korey |first=William |author-link=William Korey |year=1972 |title=The Origins and Development of Soviet Anti-Semitism: An Analysis |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/origins-and-development-of-soviet-antisemitism-an-analysis/99945786B60F74C869F8F1E36BE7280E |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=111–135 |doi=10.2307/2494148 |jstor=2494148 |issn=0037-6779 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121191433/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/abs/origins-and-development-of-soviet-antisemitism-an-analysis/99945786B60F74C869F8F1E36BE7280E |archive-date=21 January 2025}}</ref> The [[Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public]] shut down and expropriated [[synagogue]]s, [[yeshiva]]s, and Jewish civil organisations and prohibited the learning of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]].{{cn|date=February 2025}} It also engaged in a wide-scale propaganda campaign between 1967 and 1988 overseen by the [[KGB]] and published pamphlets featuring antisemitic conspiracy theories, for example falsely claiming that Zionist Jews collaborated with the Nazi regime in the Holocaust and of inflating the significance and scale of anti-Jewish persecution.<ref name=":02" />

Their propaganda frequently borrowed directly from the forged [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Protocols of the Elders of Zion]] and sometimes relied upon [[Adolf Hitler]]'s ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' as a source of information about Zionism.<ref name=":02" /> Antizionism helped Moscow "bond both with its Arab allies and the Western hard left of all shades. Having appointed Zionism as a scapegoat for humanity's greatest evils, Soviet propaganda could score points by equating it with racism in African radio broadcasts and with Ukrainian nationalism on Kyiv TV."<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=1 March 2022 |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism]] |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |issn=2472-9906 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The still-extant [[Novosti Press Agency]], a key element in the Soviet propaganda machine, also participated in the spreading of antisemitic anti-Zionism. Its chairman, Ivan Udaltsov, published a memorandum on 27 January 1971, to the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] in which he claimed that "Zionists, by provoking antisemitism, recruit volunteers for the Israeli army", blaming Jews for antisemitism, and falsely alleged that Zionists were responsible for "subversive activities" during the 1968 [[Prague Spring]].<ref name=":22" /> According to historian [[William Korey]], "Judaism was singled out for condemnation as prescribing 'racial exclusivism' and as justifying 'crimes against 'Gentiles.'"<ref name=":12" />

Similar [[Antisemitism in Poland|antisemitic propaganda in Poland]] resulted in the flight of Polish Jewish survivors from the country.<ref name="Myth" /> After the war, the [[Kielce pogrom]] and the "[[March 1968 events]]" in communist Poland represented further incidents of antisemitism in Europe. The [[Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946|anti-Jewish violence in postwar Poland]] had a common theme of [[blood libel]] rumours.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&pg=PA233 |title=Contested memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its aftermath |isbn=978-0-8135-3158-8 |last1=Zimmerman |first1=Joshua D. |author1-link=Joshua D. Zimmerman |year=2003 |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001712/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&pg=PA233#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5Ceq6l0M0C&pg=PA74 |title=World without civilization: Mass murder and the Holocaust, history and analysis |isbn=978-0-7618-2963-8 |last1=Spector |first1=Robert Melvin |year=2005 |publisher=University Press of America |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001648/https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5Ceq6l0M0C&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

===21st-century European antisemitism===
{{Further|Antisemitism in Europe#21st century}}

Physical assaults against Jews in Europe have included beatings, stabbings, and other violence, which increased markedly, sometimes resulting in serious injury and death.<ref name = "mgjmsp">{{cite journal |url=http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-urban-f04.htm |title=Anti-Semitism in Germany Today: Its Roots and Tendencies |first=Susanne |last=Urban |journal=[[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|Jewish Political Studies Review]] |volume=16 |issue=3–4 |year=2004 |page=119 |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220161926/https://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-urban-f04.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4349519,00.html |title=Anti-Semitism up 30% in Belgium |newspaper=[[Ynetnews]] |access-date=17 June 2015 |date=27 February 2013 |archive-date=27 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327144035/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4349519,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A 2015 report by the US State Department on religious freedom declared that "European anti-Israel sentiment crossed the line into anti-Semitism."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Washington-European-anti-Israel-sentiment-crossed-the-line-into-anti-Semitism-426080 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |title=Washington: European anti-Israel sentiment crossed the line into anti-Semitism |date=15 October 2015 |access-date=16 April 2017 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728080500/https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Washington-European-anti-Israel-sentiment-crossed-the-line-into-anti-Semitism-426080 |url-status=live}}</ref>

This rise in antisemitic attacks is associated with both [[Antisemitism in Islam|Muslim antisemitism]] and the rise of far-right political parties as a result of the economic crisis of 2008.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]] |date=24 February 2015 |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/special-report-the-rise-of-the-right-in-europe |title=Special report: The rise of the right in Europe |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220160403/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/special-report-the-rise-of-the-right-in-europe |url-status=live}}</ref> This rise in the support for far-right ideas in [[western Europe|western]] and [[eastern Europe]] has resulted in the increase of antisemitic acts, mostly attacks on Jewish memorials, synagogues and cemeteries but also a number of physical attacks against Jews.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.adl.org/Anti_semitism/adl_anti-semitism_presentation_february_2012.pdf |title=Attitudes Toward Jews in Ten European Countries |date=March 2012 |author=First International Resources |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |access-date=20 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512182655/http://archive.adl.org/Anti_semitism/adl_anti-semitism_presentation_february_2012.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In Eastern Europe the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the instability of the new states brought the rise of nationalist movements and the accusation against Jews for the economic crisis, taking over the local economy and bribing the government, along with traditional and religious motives for antisemitism such as [[blood libel]]s. Writing on the [[rhetoric]] surrounding the 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], [[Jason Stanley]] relates these perceptions to broader historical narratives: "the dominant version of antisemitism alive in parts of eastern Europe today is that Jews employ the Holocaust to seize the victimhood narrative from the 'real' victims of the Nazis, who are Russian Christians (or other non-Jewish eastern Europeans)".<ref name="Stanley 2022">{{Cite news |last=Stanley |first=Jason |date=26 February 2022 |title=The antisemitism animating Putin's claim to 'denazify' Ukraine |author-link=Jason Stanley |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/25/vladimir-putin-ukraine-attack-antisemitism-denazify |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417105216/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/25/vladimir-putin-ukraine-attack-antisemitism-denazify |url-status=live}}</ref> He calls out the "myths of contemporary eastern European antisemitism – that a global cabal of Jews were (and are) the real agents of violence against Russian Christians and the real victims of the Nazis were not the Jews, but rather this group."<ref name="Stanley 2022" />

Most of the antisemitic incidents in Eastern Europe are against Jewish cemeteries and buildings (community centers and synagogues). Nevertheless, there were several violent attacks against Jews in Moscow in 2006 when a neo-Nazi stabbed 9 people at the Bolshaya Bronnaya Synagogue,<ref>{{cite news |title=Rabbi's son foils bombing attempt at Moscow shul – j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California |newspaper=J |date=30 July 1999 |url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/11250/rabbi-s-son-foils-bombing-attempt-at-moscow-shul/ |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706124450/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/11250/rabbi-s-son-foils-bombing-attempt-at-moscow-shul/ |url-status=live}}</ref> the failed bomb attack on the same synagogue in 1999,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/12/international/12briefs.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=World Briefing: Asia, Europe, Americas and Africa |date=12 January 2006}}</ref> the threats against Jewish pilgrims in Uman, Ukraine<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fighthatred.com/recent-events/national-political-hate/884-rise-of-anti-semitism-in-the-ukraine-threatens-jewish-pilgrimages-to-uman |title=Rise of Anti-Semitism in the Ukraine threatens Jewish pilgrimages to Uman |date=2 October 2011 |access-date=26 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615170744/http://www.fighthatred.com/recent-events/national-political-hate/884-rise-of-anti-semitism-in-the-ukraine-threatens-jewish-pilgrimages-to-uman |archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> and the attack against a [[Menorah (Temple)|menorah]] by extremist Christian organization in Moldova in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/134994 |title=Video: Priest Attacks Menorah – Jewish World |publisher=[[Arutz Sheva]] |date=14 December 2009 |access-date=17 June 2015|archive-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617125403/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/134994 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Paul Johnson, antisemitic policies are a sign of a state which is poorly governed.<ref>{{cite magazine |author-link=Paul Johnson (writer) |last=Johnson |first=Paul |url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/the-anti-semitic-disease/ |title=The Anti-Semitic Disease |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817030629/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/the-anti-semitic-disease/ |archive-date=17 August 2015 |magazine=[[Commentary Magazine]] |date=1 June 2005 |access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref> While no European state currently has such policies, the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] notes the rise in political uncertainty, notably populism and nationalism, as something that is particularly alarming for Jews.<ref name="Cohen">{{cite news |first=Cohen |last=Ben |url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/26/europe%E2%80%99s-jews-tied-to-a-declining-political-class/ |title=Europe's Jews Tied to a Declining Political Class |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817195418/https://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/26/europe%e2%80%99s-jews-tied-to-a-declining-political-class/ |archive-date=17 August 2020 |work=[[Algemeiner]] |date=26 January 2015}}</ref>

===21st-century Arab antisemitism===
{{Main|Antisemitism in the Arab world}}
[[File:Graffiti of a swastika on a building in the Palestinian city Nablus.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Graffiti]] of a [[swastika]] on a building in the [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] city of [[Nablus]], 2022]]
[[File:A boy holding a paper stating "we are the killers of the Jews".jpg|thumb|A boy holding a paper stating "we are the killers of the Jews" in the mourning ceremony for [[Qasem Soleimani]] at Mosalla of [[Tehran]], 6 January 2020]]
[[Robert L. Bernstein|Robert Bernstein]], founder of [[Human Rights Watch]], says that antisemitism is "deeply ingrained and institutionalized" in "Arab nations in modern times".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-do-human-rights-groups-ignore-palestinians-war-of-words/2011/09/26/gIQAWU5y2K_story.html |title=Why do human rights groups ignore Palestinians' war of words? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002401/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-do-human-rights-groups-ignore-palestinians-war-of-words/2011/09/26/gIQAWU5y2K_story.html |archive-date=11 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=26 September 2011 |access-date=2 June 2012}}</ref>

In a 2011 survey by the [[Pew Research Center]], all of the Muslim-majority Middle Eastern countries polled held significantly negative opinions of Jews. In the questionnaire, only 2% of [[Egypt]]ians, 3% of [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] Muslims, and 2% of [[Jordan]]ians reported having a positive view of Jews. Muslim-majority countries outside the Middle East similarly held markedly negative views of Jews, with 4% of [[Turkey|Turks]] and 9% of [[Indonesia]]ns viewing Jews favorably.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pewglobal.org/2011/07/21/muslim-western-tensions-persist/3/ |website=PEW Global Attitudes Report |date=21 July 2011 |title=Muslim-Western Tensions Persist |access-date=19 September 2013 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060113/http://www.pewglobal.org/2011/07/21/muslim-western-tensions-persist/3/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to a 2011 exhibition at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, United States, some of the dialogue from Middle East media and commentators about Jews bear a striking resemblance to [[Nazi propaganda]].<ref>{{cite news |author=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/arts/design/24muse.html |title=Nazis' 'Terrible Weapon,' Aimed at Minds and Hearts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125152303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/arts/design/24muse.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 February 2009 |access-date=24 November 2010}}</ref> According to Josef Joffe of ''[[Newsweek]]'', "anti-Semitism—the real stuff, not just bad-mouthing particular Israeli policies—is as much part of Arab life today as the hijab or the hookah. Whereas this darkest of creeds is no longer tolerated in polite society in the West, in the Arab world, Jew hatred remains culturally endemic."<ref>{{cite news |last=Joffe |first=Josef |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/186974 |title=Anti-Semitism In Araby |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328001627/http://www.newsweek.com/id/186974 |archive-date=28 March 2010 |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=28 February 2009 |access-date=24 November 2010}}</ref>

Muslim clerics in the Middle East have frequently referred to Jews as descendants of apes and pigs, which are conventional epithets for Jews and Christians.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Bernard Lewis |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |date=1984 |title=The Jews of Islam |location=Princeton |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-00807-8 |page=33}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Aluma |last=Solnick |url=http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Area=sr&ID=SR01102 |title=Based on Koranic Verses, Interpretations, and Traditions, Muslim Clerics State: The Jews Are the Descendants of Apes, Pigs, And Other Animals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905201355/http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Area=sr&ID=SR01102 |archive-date=5 September 2009 |website=[[MEMRI]] Special Report – No. 11 |date=1 November 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Neil J. |last=Kressel |url=http://chronicle.com/free/v50/i27/27b01401.htm |title=The Urgent Need to Study Islamic Anti-Semitism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710020511/http://chronicle.com/free/v50/i27/27b01401.htm |archive-date=10 July 2009 |website=The Chronicle of Higher Education, The Chronicle Review |date=12 March 2004}}</ref>

According to professor [[Robert Wistrich]], director of the [[Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism]] (SICSA), the calls for the destruction of Israel by [[Iran]] or by [[Hamas]], [[Hezbollah]], [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]], or the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], represent a contemporary mode of genocidal antisemitism.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/holocaust-remembrance-day-a-somber-anniversary/ |title=Holocaust Remembrance Day — a somber anniversary |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=27 January 2013 |archive-date=30 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130105240/http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/holocaust-remembrance-day-a-somber-anniversary/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===21st-century antisemitism at universities===
{{Main|Universities and antisemitism}}

After the [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel]] on 7 October, antisemitism and anti-Jewish hate crimes around the world increased significantly.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Abboud |first1=Leila |last2=Klasa |first2=Adrienne |last3=Chazan |first3=Guy |date=15 October 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war unleashes wave of antisemitism in Europe |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ed744535-d04f-4519-ac27-2be077cac912 |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018225127/https://www.ft.com/content/ed744535-d04f-4519-ac27-2be077cac912 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chrisafis |first1=Angelique |last2=Kassam |first2=Ashifa |last3=Connolly |first3=Kate |last4=Giuffrida |first4=Angela |date=20 October 2023 |title='A lot of pain': Europe's Jews fear rising antisemitism after Hamas attack |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/20/a-lot-of-pain-europes-jews-fear-rising-antisemitism-after-hamas-attack |access-date=21 October 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021041322/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/20/a-lot-of-pain-europes-jews-fear-rising-antisemitism-after-hamas-attack |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sforza |first=Lauren |date=6 May 2024 |title=Antisemitism surging worldwide since Oct. 7 attack: Report |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/4646435-antisemitism-surging-worldwide-since-october-7-attack-report/ |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717164428/https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/4646435-antisemitism-surging-worldwide-since-october-7-attack-report/ |archive-date=17 July 2024}}</ref> Multiple universities and university officials have been accused of systemic antisemitism.<ref>{{cite news |last=Saul |first=Stephanie |date=11 January 2024 |title=Students sue Harvard, calling it a bastion of antisemitism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/11/us/harvard-antisemitism-lawsuit.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404085011/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/11/us/harvard-antisemitism-lawsuit.html |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Harvard president keeps her job after antisemitism backlash |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/harvard-president-claudine-gay-antisemitism-1.7056381 |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] |date=12 December 2023 |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124102806/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/harvard-president-claudine-gay-antisemitism-1.7056381 |archive-date=24 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first1=Daniel |last1=Cancel |first2=Janet |last2=Lorin |first3=Biz |last3=Carson |author4=Bloomberg |title=Stanford is the latest elite university to be slammed for its lack of 'moral resolve' in its response to Hamas' attack on Israel |url=https://fortune.com/2023/10/27/stanford-alumni-students-hamas-israel-response/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224184116/https://fortune.com/2023/10/27/stanford-alumni-students-hamas-israel-response/ |archive-date=24 December 2024}}</ref> On 1 May 2024, the [[United States House of Representatives]] voted 320–91 in favour of adopting a bill enshrining the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]] definition of antisemitism into law.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Amiri |first=Farnoush |date=1 May 2024 |title=House passes bill to expand definition of antisemitism amid growing campus protests over Gaza war |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinian-campus-protests-columbia-congress-df4ba95dae844b3a8559b4b3ad7e058a |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=[[AP News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127204728/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinian-campus-protests-columbia-congress-df4ba95dae844b3a8559b4b3ad7e058a |archive-date=27 January 2025}}</ref> The bill was opposed by some who claimed it conflated criticism of Israel with antisemitism, while Jewish advocacy groups like the [[American Jewish Committee]] and [[World Jewish Congress]] generally supported it in response to the increase in antisemitic incidents on university campuses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2023 |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: An Action Plan for University Students |url=https://www.ajc.org/UniversityStudentsActionPlan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501032235/https://www.ajc.org/UniversityStudentsActionPlan |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=[[American Jewish Committee]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2023 |title=Year in Review 2023: Jewish Unity Amid Challenges |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/year-in-review-2023-jewish-unity-amid-challenges |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=[[World Jewish Congress]]}}</ref> An open letter by 1,200 Jewish professors opposed the proposal.<ref>{{cite web |first=Yonat |last=Shimron |url=https://religionnews.com/2024/05/14/1200-jewish-professors-call-on-senate-to-reject-controversial-antisemitism-definition/ |title=1,200 Jewish professors call on Senate to reject controversial antisemitism definition |website=[[Religion News Service]] |date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223132825/https://religionnews.com/2024/05/14/1200-jewish-professors-call-on-senate-to-reject-controversial-antisemitism-definition/ |archive-date=23 December 2024}}</ref>

===Black Hebrew Israelite antisemitism===
{{Further|Black Hebrew Israelites}}

[[File:ISUPK Passover 2012.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|4% of African-Americans self-identified as [[Black Hebrew Israelites]] in 2019.<ref name=":3" /> Between 2019 and 2022, individuals motivated by Black Hebrew Israelitism committed five religiously motivated murders.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Simon Wiesenthal Center Special Report: Extreme Black Hebrew Israelites |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/black_hebrew_israelite_movement-12-2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104050826/https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/black_hebrew_israelite_movement-12-2022.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=Wiesenthal.com |publisher=[[The Simon Wiesenthal Center]]}}</ref>]]

Extremist groups of Black Hebrew Israelites believe that Jewish people are "imposters", who have "stolen" Black Americans' true racial and religious identity.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="George Washington 2022" /> Some of these groups also promote the unsupported [[Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry]].<ref name=":1" /> In 2022, the [[American Jewish Committee]] stated that the [[Black Hebrew Israelite]] claim that "we are the real Jews" is a "troubling anti-Semitic trope with dangerous potential".<ref>{{cite news |first1=Amanda |last1=Woods |first2=Mark |last2=Lungariello |title=Black Hebrew Israelites chant 'we are the real Jews' at pro-Kyrie Irving NYC march |url=https://nypost.com/2022/11/25/black-hebrew-israelites-descend-on-barclays-we-are-the-real-jews/ |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=[[The New York Post]] |date=25 November 2022 |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000155/https://nypost.com/2022/11/25/black-hebrew-israelites-descend-on-barclays-we-are-the-real-jews/ |url-status=live}}</ref> 

The perpetrators of several antisemitic attacks in the United States have expressed interest in the Black Hebrew Israelites.<ref name="WaPoJersey">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/12/15/probe-jersey-city-shooting-leads-fbi-arrest-pawn-shop-owner-weapons-charges/ |title=Probe of Jersey City shooting leads FBI to arrest pawn shop owner on weapons charge |first=Derek |last=Hawkins |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=15 December 2019 |access-date=26 November 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927061617/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/12/15/probe-jersey-city-shooting-leads-fbi-arrest-pawn-shop-owner-weapons-charges/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WaPoNY">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/12/30/monsey-stabbing-grafton-thomas-suspect/ |title=Hanukkah stabbing suspect searched 'why did Hitler hate the Jews,' prosecutors say |date=30 December 2019 |first1=Shayna |last1=Jacobs |first2=Deanna |last2=Paul |first3=Maria |last3=Sacchetti |first4=Hannah |last4=Knowles |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=26 November 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330123630/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/12/30/monsey-stabbing-grafton-thomas-suspect/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Julie S. |date=30 December 2019 |title=Grafton Thomas Complaint |url=https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/press-release/file/1230906/dl |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=www.justice.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303142933/https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/press-release/file/1230906/dl |archive-date=3 March 2025}}</ref> Between 2019 and 2022, individuals motivated by Black Hebrew Israelitism committed five religiously motivated murders.<ref name=":1" /> In September 2022, the Program on Extremism at George Washington University published a report which said the largest threat came from "individuals loosely affiliated with or inspired by the movement", rather than from formal members of Black Hebrew Israelite organizations.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last1=Esensten |first1=Andrew |date=26 November 2022 |title=How many Hebrew Israelites are there, and how worried should Jews be? |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-many-hebrew-israelites-are-there-and-how-worried-should-jews-be/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103115838/https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-many-hebrew-israelites-are-there-and-how-worried-should-jews-be/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="George Washington 2022">''Contemporary Violent Extremism and the Black Hebrew Israelite Movement''. Program on Extremism. George Washington University. September 2022. https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs5746/files/ContemporaryViolentExtremism-BlackHebrewIsraeliteMovement090722.pdf</ref>

=== Antisemitism on the internet ===
Antisemitism on the internet involves a complex interplay between social media dynamics, conspiracy theories, and the broader socio-political context. Social media platforms have proved fertile for breeding antisemitic rhetoric, particularly during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, during which a notable rise in antisemitic conspiracy theories emerged.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sundberg |first1=Kelly W. |last2=Mitchell |first2=Lauren M. |last3=Levinson |first3=Dan |date=2022 |title=Health, Religiosity and Hatred: A Study of the Impacts of COVID-19 on World Jewry |journal=[[Journal of Religion & Health]] |volume=62 |number=1 |pages=428–443 |doi=10.1007/s10943-022-01692-5 |pmid=36396910 |pmc=9672556}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Garner |first1=G. |last2=McGrann |first2=M. |last3=Klug |first3=D. |last4=Kranson |first4=R. |last5=Yoder |first5=M. |date=2023 |title=The relationship between antisemitism and covid-19 conspiracy on twitter}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=January 2025}}<ref>{{citation |last1=Evanega |first1=S. |last2=Lynas |first2=M. |last3=Adams |first3=J. |last4=Smolenyak |first4=K. |date=2020 |title=Coronavirus misinformation: quantifying sources and themes in the covid-19 'infodemic'}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=January 2025}} The role of social media in amplifying these sentiments is underscored by analyses of comment sections on major media outlets, which reveal a significant presence of antisemitic discourse, often framed within the context of political events and international relations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=M. |last2=Ascone |first2=L. |last3=Troschke |first3=H. |date=2022 |title=Antisemitic comments on Facebook pages of leading British, French, and German media outlets |journal=[[Humanities and Social Sciences Communications]] |volume=9 |number=1 |page=339 |doi=10.1057/s41599-022-01337-8 |pmid=36193196 |pmc=9520959}}</ref>{{pn|date=January 2025}}<ref name="Subotić">{{cite journal |last=Subotić |first=J. |date=2021 |title=Antisemitism in the global populist international |journal=[[British Journal of Politics and International Relations]] |volume=24 |number=3 |pages=458–474 |doi=10.1177/13691481211066970}}</ref> Furthermore, the emergence of TikTok as a new platform has raised concerns about the proliferation of antisemitic content, with studies highlighting the challenges of moderating such material effectively.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McMann |first1=T. |last2=Calac |first2=A. |last3=Nali |first3=M. |last4=Cuomo |first4=R. |last5=Maroulis |first5=J. |last6=Mackey |first6=T. |date=2022 |title=Synthetic cannabinoids in prisons: content analysis of tiktoks |journal=JMIR Infodemiology |volume=2 |number=1 |page=e37632|doi=10.2196/37632 |doi-access=free |pmid=37113804 |pmc=9987188}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=January 2025}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nathanael |first=G. |date=2023 |title=Tiktok's spiral of antisemitism: a study case in Indonesia |journal=Ekspresi Dan Persepsi Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi |volume=6 |number=3 |pages=547–553 |doi=10.33822/jep.v6i3.5612 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=January 2025}} The intersection of antisemitism with broader themes of populism and right-wing extremism is also evident, as these ideologies often utilize antisemitic narratives to galvanize support and create a sense of otherness.<ref name="Subotić"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ichau |first1=E. |last2=Frissen |first2=T. |last3=d'Haenens |first3=L. |date=2019 |title=From #selfie to #edgy. hashtag networks and images associated with the hashtag #jews on instagram |journal=Telematics and Informatics |volume=44 |page=101275 |doi=10.1016/j.tele.2019.101275 |url=https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/532fda65-f34a-40e0-b918-a8f480738699}}</ref> Additionally, the phenomenon of subtle hate speech has been identified, where antisemitic sentiments are recontextualized in ways that may evade direct detection yet still perpetuate harmful stereotypes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Serafis |first1=Dimitris |last2=Boukala |first2=Salomi |date=2023 |chapter=Subtle hate speech and the recontextualisation of antisemitism online: Analysing argumentation on Facebook |title=Discourse in the Digital Age: Social Media, Power, and Society |editor1-first=Eleonora |editor1-last=Esposito |editor2-first=Majid |editor2-last=KhosraviNik |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=143–167 |isbn=9781003300786}}</ref> Antisemitic bias appears even in ostensibly neutral sources such as [[Criticism of Wikipedia#Antisemitic bias|on the Wikipedia platform]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan |last2=Klein |first2=Shira |date=2023 |title=Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust |journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research |volume=37 |number=2 |pages=133–190 |doi=10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Overall, the digital landscape presents both challenges and opportunities for combating antisemitism, necessitating a multifaceted approach that includes community engagement and technological solutions to monitor and counteract hate speech effectively.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ozalp |first1=S. |last2=Williams |first2=M. |last3=Burnap |first3=P. |last4=Liu |first4=H. |last5=Mostafa |first5=M. |date=2020 |title=Antisemitism on twitter: collective efficacy and the role of community organisations in challenging online hate speech |journal=Social Media + Society |volume=6 |number=2 |doi=10.1177/2056305120916850}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kahn-Harris |first=K. |date=2020 |title=Inundated with online antisemitism |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism]] |volume=3 |number=1 |pages=55–58 |doi=10.26613/jca/3.1.43}}</ref>